Tourists: Why do people engage in tourism? Pertemuan 3-4

1. Tourists: Why do people engage in tourism? Pertemuan 3-4 Matakuliah : G1174/Tourism Management and Planning Tahun : 2007

2. Topics • What is tourism demand? • Tourist motivation • Consumer behaviour in tourism • Typology of tourists

3. Objectives • To explain the various reason of why people travels • To formulate tourist motivation • To describe tourist behaviour

4. What is tourism demand? Definition of Tourist Demand “the total number of persons who travel, or wish to travel, to use tourist facilities and services at places away from their places of work and residence” (Mathieson and Wall, 1982) Component of Demand • Effective or Actual Demand • Suppressed Demand: • Potential Demand • Deffered Demand • No Demand • Substitution of Demand • Redirection of Demand

5. Outcomes • Tourists’ • Satisfaction • Enjoyment • Complaints • Learning • Skill development • Health • Hosts’ • Impacts • Income, employement, economic well being • Social and cultural effects • Setting • Conservation support and site species changes • Management challenges The tourist Culture Demographics Sosial networks Personality Value Experience Attitudes Motives Tourists’ on-site experiences Social, cultural and environmental contacts Travel Choice Destnation images Activities/attractions Setting Facilities Services Hosts Other tourists Management Destination We need to understand these to improve these to manage these Concept map for understanding tourist behaviour

6. Fulfill a dream • Understand myself more • Experience inner peace & harmony • External rewards, prestige • Glamour of travelling • Competence, master • Giving love & affection • Maintain & initiate relationship • To be with group membership • A concern for own health • A concern for other safety • Simulation • Escape from routine • Relax & body reconstitution • External excitement Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs & Travel Motivation

7. Push factor those which are said to make you want to travel. Pull factor those which affect where you travel given the initial desire to travel. Origin Area Destination Departing Returning Intrinsic Extrinsic • Socio-psychological motives • Escape • Self-exploration • Relaxation • Prestige • Regression • Relationship • Social interaction • Cultural motives • Novelty • Education Why people go on holiday?

8. Travel Motivation Categories • Physical motivators: physical test, sports participation, beach recreation, relaxing, entertainment and health consideration. • Cultural motivators: the desire to see & know more about other cultures - their music, art, folklore, dances, paintings and religion. • Interpersonal motivators: the desire to meet new people, to visit friends & relatives, to escape from routine, family or neighbors, or to make new friendship. • Status & prestige motivators: the desire for recognition, attention, appreciation and a good reputation.

9. The Organised Mass Tourists The Individual Mass Tourists The Explorer The Drifter Institutionalised Tourism Non-institutionalised Tourism Cohen’s Classification of Tourists Familiarity Novelty

10. Distribution of tourist in each typology • Mid-centric • Majority of travellers • Seek well-known established destinations • May go to destination populated by allocentrics • Allocentric • Independent travellers • Above average income • Seek more adventurous experiences • Psychocentric • Less sure, more insecure travellers • Choose destination similar to home • Like the familiar and may be repeat visitor Plog’s Psychographic Traveller Types

11. Mayo and Jarvis(Travel Buying Behavior) Felt need/ travel desire Information collection & evaluation by image Travel decision Travel preparation & travel experience Travel satisfaction outcome & evaluation

12. The Tourist • Who are the tourists – are they all holidaymakers? • What do tourists come here for? What facilities are used by visitors to your town? • Where do they come from? Where do they go? • When do tourists travel? • Why do people travel? • How do tourists get around? How do holidaymakers make their travel arrangements? • Etc.

13. Typology of Tourist • Pscyhographic (psychological approach) Based on personality and lifestyle of tourist • Demographic (demography approach) Based on characteristic of age, occupation, education, gender, family cycle • Geographic (geography approach) Based on nationality or tourist generating region

14. VALS lifestyle categories • Need-driven groups • Survivor lifestyle • Sustainer lifestyle • Outer-directed groups • Belongers lifestyle • Emulator lifestyle • Achiever lifestyle • Inner-directed groups • I-am-me lifestyle • Experiential lifestyle • Societally conscious lifestyle • Self-directed lifestyle • Combined inner- and outer-directed groups • Integrated lifestyle

15. Dimension of Tourist Personality Ross (1991), 8 dimension of tourist personality: • Venturesomeness: type of individual who is more seeking and exploring (tend to be first user). • Pleasure-seeking: type of person who desires a considerable amount of luxury and comfort in all aspect of travel. • Impulsive: the tendency to want to do something now. • Self-confidence: the willingness to do unique and different things. • Planfulness: individuals who is systematic and planful. • Masculinity: the action-oriented man or the outdoorsman. • Intellectualism: type of individual who has heavy orientation or high-brow interests • People-orientation: a desire to get close to people through travel and to experience the many culture of worlds.

16. Conclusion • Travel motives are the energizer of action, they are diverse and multifaceted. • No simple explaination about why people take vacation, thus it is a process of understanding the psychology of tourist based upon the W’s and H questions – Who, What, Where, When, Why and How. • Consequently, a range of researches and approaches may provide conflicting answers given that the behavior of tourists in pre, during and post travel are varied. • Different types of tourist can have different characteristic.