1 / 65

Fiji: Distributed Generation and Energy Storage Makereta Sauturaga

Fiji: Distributed Generation and Energy Storage Makereta Sauturaga Director, Fiji Department of Energy Luis A. Vega, Ph.D. PICHTR. Table of Contents. Fiji Background Energy Consumption Electricity & Energy Storage National Grid (c/o Fiji Electricity Authority)

cutler
Télécharger la présentation

Fiji: Distributed Generation and Energy Storage Makereta Sauturaga

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Fiji: Distributed Generation and Energy Storage Makereta Sauturaga Director, Fiji Department of Energy Luis A. Vega, Ph.D. PICHTR

  2. Table of Contents • Fiji Background • Energy Consumption • Electricity & Energy Storage National Grid (c/o Fiji Electricity Authority) Distributed: Rural Sector (c/o Department of Energy) • Future: Grid Connected Renewable Energy Systems H2 Fuel Cells Wind/PV Hybrid and Solar Home Systems (SHSs) Energy Service Companies for SHSs

  3. Fiji Background

  4. Fiji • Population (‘02): 826,300 • GDP/Capita (‘02): F$ 4,200 Power-Purchase-Parity: F$ 9,900 • Annual Inflation (‘00-’03): 1.5 to 3 % • National Tariff (F$/kWh): 0.206 [1 F$  0.5 US$]

  5. Energy Consumption Pacific Islands annual per capita energy consumption (‘90) Fiji  1,030 kgoe (43 MJ) Fiji Percentage Energy Consumption by Source (’90-’00):Biomass, Petroleum, Hydro Biomass Sources

  6. Biomass Energy (2001) • Bagasse 42% • Household Fuelwood 39% • Agro/Industrial Fuelwood 9% • Coconut Husks 10%

  7. Electricity & Energy Storage • Fiji Electricity Authority (FEA) National Grid • Hydropower; Diesel; Bagasse. • Fiji Department of Energy (FDoE) Distributed: Rural Sector • Diesel; Microhydro; Wind/PV Hybrid; PV-lighting (Solar Home Systems).

  8. FEA National Grid • Five separate grids: 675 GWh/year - Viti Levu Interconnected System (VLIS) & Rakiraki: 93% - Ovalau: 1.5% - Labasa (Vanua Levu): 4.5% - Savusavu (Vanau Levu): 1% • Storage: Monasavu Dam/ Wailoa Hydropower (80 MW)

  9. Monasavu Dam Storage • Nadrau Plateau  900 m ASL • Nominal Depth  80 m (x 670 Ha) • Catchment Area  110 km2 • 11 kV  132 kV 140 km transmission to Suva

  10. Distributed Generation (FDoE) • 470 microgrid Diesel ( 15 kW): 4 hrs/day, 50 houses/village, 5 people/house 3.4 GWh/year( 0.5 % FEA) • 5 Provincial Centers minigrid diesel: 12 to 24 hrs/day 1 GWh/year • 5 run-of-river Microhydro (< 100 kW) 4 hrs/day 0.4 GWh/day

  11. Distributed Generation (FDoE) • Nabouwalu Wind/PV Hybrid 0.15 GWh/year • 490 Solar Home System (SHS) Units 0.04 GWh/year [SHS Potential: 1 GWh/year] • Storage: Chemical (lead acid batteries)

  12. Future • Grid Connected Renewable Energy Systems • H2 Fuel Cells • Wind/PV Hybrid and Solar Home Systems (SHSs) • Energy Service Companies for SHSs

  13. Feasibility of Grid-Connected Renewable Energy Systems • Estimate cost-of-electricity (COE) production with different technologies (excluding transmission) National Tariff: 10 US-cents/kWh Avoided Cost: 6.5 US-cents/kWh [1 F$  0.5 US$]

  14. Cost ofElectricity Production COE ($/kWh) = CC + OMR&R + Fuel + Profit - Environmental Credit CC = Capital Cost Amortization OMR&R = Operations + Maintenance + Repair + Replacement Tariff = COE - Subsidy

  15. Grid Technologies • Well-Established: Wind Farms, PV Arrays, Biomass as fuel in Thermal Plant, Hydroelectric, Geothermal • Future: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) and Wave Power • CC  Installed Capital Cost

  16. COE with 5 to 20 MW Wind Farms • CC: US$1140/kW • Annual-Average-Wind-Speed of 9 m/s corresponds to Capacity Factor (CF) of 43% • Annual-Average-Wind-Speed of 7 m/s corresponds to CF of 25%

  17. COE with 1 MW PV Array • CC: US$6500/kW [PV panels with Inverter] • Use Annual-Average-Daily-Insolation around Nadi Airport corresponding to Capacity Factor (CF) of 21%

  18. COE with 50 MW Thermal Plant using Biomass as Fuel • CC: US$2000/kW using biomass with heat value of 12,000 Btu/kWh at 2 US$/MBtu • Seasonal operation results in 50 % capacity factor.

  19. COE with 100 MW Grid-Connected Hydroelectric Plant • CC : US$2000/kW. A conservative capacity factor of 45 % is assumed with operation and maintenance cost at 0.5 cents/kWh • The COE is highly dependent on site characteristics • Land Issue a tremendous challenge

  20. COE with 5 to 50 MW Geothermal Plants • To produce electricity the geothermal resource must be about 250 C • Presently in California and Hawaii COE:  4 to 8 US-cents/kWh

  21. COE with 100 MW OTEC Plant • Extrapolation fromsmall experimental plant operations in Hawaiiby PICHTR • CC: US$4500/kW; CC is highly dependent on plant size, do not use this value for smaller plants • Temperature difference  22 C and plantship moored  10 km offshore

  22. COE with 1 MW Wave Power Plant • Projected estimates from Norwegian land-based experimental plants • CC: US$4000/kW • Average incident wave power of 35 kW/m at shoreline and relatively high capacity factor of 60%

  23. H2 : Fiji Perspective Available from hydrocarbons and water H2 is energy carrier not energy source Energy transport by electrons much more efficient that H2 energy transport Future viability as energy storage alternative to batteries (village power)?

  24. H2 from hydrocarbons

  25. H2 from Water

  26. Hydrogen from Electrolysis • 75% of Electrical Energy lost through Electrolyzer/Fuel Cell • Would need 4 WTGs to meet electrical load instead of 1 WTG • Energy Storage (electrical chemical  electrical) Lead Acid Battery   75% Electrolyzer/Fuel Cell   25%

  27. Fuel Cells Conclusions • What is your source of H2? • Why use fossil-fuel to produce H2 to generate electricity? • Why use electricity to generate H2 (electrolysis) to produce electricity?

  28. FEA Future • Develop Wind-Farms, Hydroelectric, Biomass or Geothermal Systems if appropriate resource available • PV Cost must decrease by > 50% before grid-connected systems are cost competitive • OTEC and Wave Power systems are promising

  29. FEA Challenge: Conservation and Renewables • Demand side management conservation measures (FEA and FDoE) • FEA in process of identifying a site for a 10 MW Wind Farm (grid-connected) • Resolution of Hydroelectric-Dam Land Issues

  30. Distributed Generation & Energy Storage Future c/o FDoE (with PICHTR as advisor) • Implementation of 1000’s of stand alone SHSs and 100’s PV-Hybrids for non-FEA areas

  31. FDoE Funding Challenge US$ 17 Million required for the installation of  12,000 SHSs: where can the Fijian Government obtain this amount and in the form of concessionary loans with terms that result in monthly service fees of about F$20 (~ US$10)?

  32. Renewable-Energy-Based-Rural-Electrification (RERE) • Locations where FEA grid extension not cost effective • Remote villages using benzene lamps, dry-cell batteries ($5 to $20/month) …[PV Lights?] • Provincial centers with genset mini-grid (COE > 0.5 $/kWh)…[ Hybrids?]

  33. FDoE RERE Goals • Implement Commercially Viable Energy Services for Sustainable Development • Commercial viability service is provided for a fee that covers all life-cycle costs; and, fee is collectable

  34. Demonstration Projects with PICHTR • Nabouwalu (Fiji) 720 kWh/day Wind/PV Hybrid Power System • Vanua Levu(Fiji) 250 Solar Home Systems • Technical Training: Energy Specialists; PV and Wind Technicians

More Related