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Programming Language History and Evolution

Programming Language History and Evolution. In Text: Chapter 2. Brief Overview of Paradigms. Procedural/Imperative Functional/Applicative Logic Object-oriented (closely related to imperative) Problem-oriented/application-specific. An Overview of PL History.

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Programming Language History and Evolution

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  1. Programming LanguageHistory and Evolution In Text: Chapter 2

  2. Brief Overview of Paradigms • Procedural/Imperative • Functional/Applicative • Logic • Object-oriented (closely related to imperative) • Problem-oriented/application-specific  Chapter 2: History and Evolution of Programming Languages 

  3. An Overview of PL History • 1950’s: Discovery and description • 1960’s: Elaboration and analysis • 1970’s: Technology • 1980’s: New paradigms • 1990’s: Internet influences 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000  Chapter 2: History and Evolution of Programming Languages 

  4. 1950’s: Discovery and Description FORTRAN • FORTRAN (54-57, and on and on): • First widely used compiled language • Relatively efficient • LISP (56-62): • First functional language, first support for recursion, activation records, run-time stack • First garbage collector, implicit dynamic memory mgmt. • Interpreter-based LISP 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000  Chapter 2: History and Evolution of Programming Languages 

  5. Overview: Procedural/Imperative • Describes how the computer should achieve solution • Key features: • Stored memory • Mutable variables • Sequencing, selection, iteration • Pointers?  Chapter 2: History and Evolution of Programming Languages 

  6. Overview: Functional/Applicative • Based on mathematics of recursive functions • Key features: • No mutable variables • Everything is an expression • Everything is a function • No iteration (loops) • Recursion, recursion, recursion!  Chapter 2: History and Evolution of Programming Languages 

  7. 1960’s: Elaboration and Analysis COBOL SNOBOL ALGOL • ALGOL 58, 60: first universal language. NEW: BNF, block structure, call-by-value, stack-based evaluation, stack-based arrays • APL: applicative, no precedence, interpreted • COBOL:English-style syntax, records in files • BASIC: interactive time-sharing terminals • SNOBOL: pattern matching • PL/I: the kitchen sink APL PL/I BASIC 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000  Chapter 2: History and Evolution of Programming Languages 

  8. 1970’s: Technology Pascal Modula-2 Smalltalk • SIMULA 67: classes, inheritance, data abstraction • Pascal: small, elegant, structured programming, teaching • C: systems programming, efficiency • Modula-2: Pascal + modules, better for systems programming • Prolog: first logic language, AI-oriented • Smalltalk: pure OO, interpreted, entire system SIMULA 67 C Prolog 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000  Chapter 2: History and Evolution of Programming Languages 

  9. Overview: OOP • Based on procedural/imperative style, with added data+code abstraction & encapsulation • Key features: • Encapsulation • Inheritance • Polymorphism/dynamic binding  Chapter 2: History and Evolution of Programming Languages 

  10. Overview: Logic • Based on predicate logic • Declarative: describes what problem is to be solved, but not how • Key features: • No mutable variables • Statements: implications or assertions • Every statement succeeds or fails • Few explicit control constructs • Recursion, recursion, recursion! • Must understand implementation model to use  Chapter 2: History and Evolution of Programming Languages 

  11. 1980’s: New Paradigms Ada SML • Ada: DoD, long committee-based development, large & complex, packages, tasks, generics, exceptions, from real-time to payroll apps. • C++: OOP in a popular, widespread language, often seen as a “hybrid” • Standard ML, Hope, Miranda, Haskell: functional languages C++ 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000  Chapter 2: History and Evolution of Programming Languages 

  12. 1990’s: Internet Influences Perl • Scripting: Perl, TCL, Visual Basic, JavaScript, Python, … • Java: designed for portable binaries and internet use, “clean” OO compared to C++, garbage collection, compiled/interpreted hybrid Java 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000  Chapter 2: History and Evolution of Programming Languages 

  13. Recap of Paradigms • Procedural/Imperative • Functional/Applicative • Logic • Object-oriented (closely related to imperative) • Problem-oriented/application-specific  Chapter 2: History and Evolution of Programming Languages 

  14. Paradigms: Key Differentiating Factors • What distinguishes one paradigm from another?  Chapter 2: History and Evolution of Programming Languages 

  15. Languages: Key Differentiating Factors • What distinguishes one language from another?  Chapter 2: History and Evolution of Programming Languages 

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