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Development of urbanization

Development of urbanization. dr. Jeney László Senior lecturer jeney@elte.hu. Economic Foundations of Local Development Module 1/b: Urban and Rural development by sectors Autumn term 201 6 /201 7 . CUB Department of Economic Geography and Futures Studies.

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Development of urbanization

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  1. Development of urbanization dr. Jeney László Senior lecturer jeney@elte.hu Economic Foundations of Local Development Module 1/b: Urban and Rural development by sectors Autumn term 2016/2017. CUB Department of Economic Geography and Futures Studies

  2. Definitions and harmonizing polices of the urban concept • 2

  3. Urban concept General characteristics of the towns: Their role (functions): ‚important’ places Their demographic features: larger population number, population density, heterogeneous society Image: suiting to the crowd Lack of unified official definition of the concept of the towns, it varies: In space: geographic places/cultures In time: historical periods In different disciplines 3

  4. 1. Geographic differences of the concept of the town Towns with different size in different societies, depending on: Environmental factors Available material for buildings Economic structure Basis of urban–rural separation differs Less developed countries: agriculture is still determinant  economic structure (weight of agriculture) matters Developed world: agriculture is not determinant in villages  population density matters Critical population number varies in different countries for definition of the towns Scandinavia: over 200 residents Some Asian countries: more 10 thousand residents 4

  5. 2. Dynamic change of the concept of the town – long term 5

  6. 2. Dynamic change of the concept of the town – short term Example of Hungarian practise in definition of towns Socialism: advantages of city right  less new towns 1971: introduction of the Settlement-development Concept Better position at state permissions and supports Location of institutions and higher level of council and party organisations Smallest town, 1970: Szigetvár – app. 10 thousand residents ‚Urban boom’ (2012: 328) From 1985: cancellation of the Settlement-development Concept, settlement policy is facing towards the disadvantageous areas  easier way of getting the urban right Smallest town, 2012: Pálháza – below 1 thousand residents, 185 towns below 10 thousand residents  decreasing average size of towns 6

  7. Number of towns in Hungary, 1885–2010 7

  8. 3. Different approaches in different disciplines in definition of towns The disciplines dealing with towns are not unified Urban characteristics is different in various professional areas Geography: central functions Public administration: urban right Sociology: social distribution: multicultural + polarized Urban architecture/Urbanistics: more densely built settlement + high buildings 8

  9. Characteristics of towns Their functions  economic–functional urban concept Many-sided and central function within the settlement network Low significance of agriculture Their demographic features  social–statistical urban concept Higher population number Higher population density Appearance  image–urbanistic urban concept More crowded building structure Higher average floor number Their significance if different in various periods But: these remained urban feature currently as well 9

  10. Economic–functional urban concept 10

  11. Social–statistical urban concept Population number Towns/cities vs. villages Population density Urban areas/cities vs. rural areas 11

  12. Types of cities In functional term Global cities: Saskia Sassen World cities: Patrick Geddes, John Friedman, Peter J. Taylor In demographical term Megapolises / megacities: over 10 mn Metropolises: 1–10 mn Regional cities: 500 th – 1 mn Industrial Revolution: largest cities ≈ world cities Demographic explosion: mega cities ≠ world cities Eu: sub-/ex- and dez-/counter-urbanization  slower increase of cities not characteristic (only Istanbul and Moscow) Global peripheries: appearance of megapolises parallel with the demographic explosion of the 20th century Nowadays: mega cities have have more global functions 12

  13. Lack of regional cities in East Central Europe Polycentric city-network – only in Poland One regional city with no metropolis: capitals of smaller countries with young independence – Croatia, Moldavia, Latvia, Lithuania No regional city after the metropolis: Hungary, Czechia, Romania, Bulgaria Lack of cities: smallest countries with young independence: Bosnia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Slovenia, Slovakia and Estonia 13

  14. Classification of the Hungarian cities by their population number, 2012 14

  15. Urban and rural areas in the European Union according to the definition of the OECD • Predominantly urban regions: rural population less than 15% of the total population of the NUTS3 region • Intermediate regions: rural population between 15 and 50 % of the total population of the NUTS3 region • Predominantly rural regions: rural population is 50% or more of the total population of the NUTS3 region 15

  16. Urban and rural areas in the European Union according to the definition of the EU • Predominantly urban regions: rural population less than 20% of the total population of the NUTS3 region • Intermediate regions: rural population between 20 and 50 % of the total population of the NUTS3 region • Predominantly rural regions: rural population is 50% or more of the total population of the NUTS3 region • This typology is based on a definition of urban and rural 1 km2 grid cells • Critical population density: 300 inhabitants per km2 • Critical population: 5000 res. 16

  17. Tallest cities of the world (by the average height of their 10 tallest buildings) 17

  18. Stages of urbanization • 18

  19. Late antique town • 19

  20. Spread of urban culture in Europe • 1600 B. C.: urban development also in Europe (via Asia, Egypt) • 1000 B. C: global centre shifted to Europe (Athens, Rome) • Frontier of European urban culture spread to Northwest (towards the cooler climatic zone) • 20 • 20

  21. Roman Empire • 21 • 21

  22. Constantinople (Byzantine Empire) • 350–800, Constantinople: largest town of the world • Link between the antique and the feudal urban development • 330, Emperor Constantine the Great (Constantinus): Constantinople – seat of the Roman Empire • Flourishing: under the age of Emperor Justinian (527–565) on the basis of global trading role (on the meeting of Europe and Asia) • Symbol: Hagia Sophia (built: 532–537) • Early Middle Ages: largest town of Europe • 22 • 22

  23. The feudal town • 23

  24. Characteristics of the European medieval feudal towns • 8th–9th cent.: initial feudal towns • On the basis of 3 types of roles • Role of defence: 9th–12th cent.: Pflaz/Palatinate – imperial watch-posts • Role of church: residences of bishops – religious seats with castles (Bordeaux, Strasbourg, Passau, Basel, Lyon, Cologne) • Role of trade: Wick – strengthened trading settlements (Ipswich, Norwich) • Where all roles are present  faster urban development (Munster, Trier, Bruges) • Feudal towns: only in West Europe • Iberian Peninsula: Moor rule  Seville (not feudal) • Southeast Europe: Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire  Constantinople (between antique and feudal) • East Central & East Europe: feudalism just after Migration Period • 24 • 24

  25. Evolution of modern towns • 25

  26. 1. Agglomerating process • = clustering, knitting • Also referred falsely to as urbanization, urban explosion • Urbanization, but: whole process is referred to as urbanization  agglomeration is the 1st stage of the urbanization • Urban explosion, but: instead of diverging (centrifugal) powers converging (centripetal) powers • Absolute concentration • Population of whole agglomeration: increases dynamically • Initially just the city increases, later city and also the suburban zone increase • City and its suburban zone coalesce / accrete • It is often followed by the enlargement of the city boundaries • Its concurrent: generated by the Industrial Revolution • 26

  27. The spread of the Industrial Revolution in Europe • Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution, agglomerating process: NW  SE • Reverse way to the spread of the antique urbanization (SE  NW) • 18th cent.: England • Mid 19th cent.: West Europe • Turn of the 19th cent.: N-Eu, E-Central-Eu, Northern part of S-Eu • First half of the 20th cent.: S-Eu • Mid 20th cent.: E-Eu, Balkans • 27

  28. Effects of Industrial Revolution • Industrialization (→shifts in employment) • Fordism: appearance of bigger producing units (→spatial concentration of population) • Rural  urban migration (→rapid urbanization) • Factors: • Overall demographic boom • England 1750: 6 mn; 1850: 18 mn • France 1800: 27 mn; 1900: 39 mn • Germany 1800: 23 mn; 1900: 56 mn • Developing (3rd) World: nowadays • ‚Push’ factor: rural labour surplus • ‚Pull’ factor: urban labour demand • Changing technical background of urban planning (→metropolitan infrastructure)

  29. Leading role of Europe in the appearance of the modern cities 1840 1929 • Europe becomes leader • Towns over 100 th citizens • 1800: Eu 21/ World 65 • 1900: Eu 148/ World 301 • Primacy of Great Britain • First country where the proportion of the urban population: >50% • London • 18th cent.: first modern city (over 500 th citizens) in Europe • 19th cent.: over 2 mn citizens • 1850–1920: largest city of the world • 1stmegapolis (over 8 mn citizens) of the World Contemporary built-up areas of Greater-London • 29

  30. Number of Europeans in the rank of the 25 largest towns of the World number • 30 year

  31. Advantages of agglomerating • From residential point of view: better quality of life (partly) • Rich supply of workplaces • Higher incomes • Existence of educational and cultural institutions • Rich and better quality of housing • Wide range of services (retail trade etc.) • From economic point of view: higher productivity (positive externalities)  P. Krugman: new economic geography • Rich „quality” supply of labour-force • Availability for cooperation • Innovation advantages (research etc.) • Cheaper and better infrastructure (e.g. transport) • Closeness of markets

  32. Europe, the craddle of the modern city • Antecedent: antique Rome • Modern cities: after the Industrial Revolution • Spreaded from West Europe: London, Paris • Earlier: ancient Rome • Modern city: after industrial revolution • Spread from West-Europe: London, Paris before 1850 between 1850–1900 between 1850–1900 after 1950 • 32 Source of data: censuses

  33. Development of the Budapest agglomeration • 1873: foundation of Budapest = Pest + Buda + Óbuda • Early 20th cent.: massive suburban development • 1900–1907: build-up of tramlines to the suburban zone • 1908: coming up the thought of creature of Greater Budapest • 1937: legal sphere of action of the Council of Public Works spread also to the 22 suburban settlements • 1st January, 1950: foundation of Greater Budapest • Budapest Agglomeration • 1970s: 44 settlements • 1997: 78 settlements • Today: wholePest county (≠with Budapest agglomeration) • 33

  34. „Shadows” of agglomeration process • Inorganic, rapid, spontaneous urban development  unwished negative byeffects • Slums • Overcrowding (back-to-back dwelling houses) • Lack of green areas • Pollution of environment (smog) • Lack of public utilities (sanitation) • Cholera epidemic – in 1832 London: 5000; Glasgow: 2800 victims • Crime • Early 19th cent., slums of Liverpool: 16 years life expectancy at birth • 34

  35. Reactions of urban planning on the crowding • New urban planning and architectural acts, laws • Reaction of the urban architecture of the modern era • 1933 Athens Charter – style of modern architecture • Le Corbusier (1887–1965) • Spread upwards instead of dense horizontal built-up zones + more green area • Mistakes in socialist housing estates: time lag, without green areas ‚Havanna’housing estate of the 1970sin Budapest • 35

  36. Reactions of urban planning on the crowding • Foundation of new towns (most expensive) • West Europe (GB, F, SF, S): „planned” suburbanization for the exoneration of the cities (London: Hatfield, Milton Keynes; Paris: Cergy-Pontoise), garden city campaign, New Lanark (Robert Owen) • Socialist countries: ‚socialist industrialized towns’ for the goal of forced industrialization SocialistnewtownsinEastCentral Europe • 36

  37. Suburbanization planned by urban planning: the garden city campaign • Garden city model of Ebenezer Howard (1848–1928) • 1885.: Garden Cities and Town Planning Association • 1898.: „Garden Cities of Tomorrow” • 37

  38. Main street of Welvyn, 32 km from London • Realized garden cities north from London: • Letchworth (1903) • Welwyn (1920) • 38

  39. Latter stages of the modern urban development: sub-, dez-, re- and post-suburbanization • 39

  40. 2. Suburbanization / exurbanization Anglo-Saxon: exurbanization Relative deconcentration Population number of total agglomeration increases Population number of city decreases, that of suburban zone increases  economic, social and urban structure on agglomeration transforms Outmigration of city dwellers Spontaneous Directly towards the suburban zone Its phases: Early phase: outmigrants keep their urban workplace  commuting Late phase: number of workplaces (industrial and tertiary) decrease in the central city, increase in the suburban zone (dezurbanization?  false statement) • 40

  41. Suburbanization / exurbanization Suburbanization of population Insufficient housing supply and environment in central city Development of transportation infrastructure  spatial separation of residential and working zones Initial: public transport (local railways)  radial diffusion Later: cars, public roads:  diffusion among radiuses as well Today: motorways  radial diffusion again Developed countries: from 1920s to 1970s Characteristics of East Central Europe: official restriction of moving  only from 1970s Result: population increase in cities slows down, than decrease But workplaces remain here Suburban zone: mainly residential functions, sparselier built-up, green areas • 41

  42. Later: moving out of industry and services too Ways of industrial suburbanization moving out greenfield investments Its characteristics: high-tech industries (just in time) + suppliers Suburbanization of services Consumer-oriented branches with high interest for space Logistics Recreational activities (Disneyland) Office functions • 42

  43. 3. Dezurbanization / counterurbanization • Anglo-Saxon: counterurbanization – Brian Berry (1976) • (Somebody understands falsely the industrial and tertial suburbanization under the dezurbanization) • Absolute deconcentration • Number of population workplaces of total agglomeration decreases (from the early 1970s Population change in Ruhr area • 43

  44. 3. Dezurbanization / counterurbanization Population change in Ruhr area • Initially USA, later West Europe: outmigration to more and more distance • Not only to the suburban zones, but also to the further countryside • Rapidly increasing population of some rural areas • 1970s, developed countries: change of global economic paradigm • Modern urban and industrial regions became unattractive for both the residents and the companies • Rural areas, countryside became attractive (e. g. Sunbelt) • 2-typed social groups • People using the ICTs (internet, wi-fi, skype, msn, e-mail, facebook) • People escaping to the nature from the urban technics (own generator, passive house) • 44

  45. 4. Reurbanization Population change in Ruhr area • Relative concentration • Population number of total agglomeration decreases • Population number of city (especially the centre) increases again • UK: Appearance of special ‚Urban Development Corporations’ for the urban renewal • Spread of the enterprise form of public private partnership (PPP) • Clearing of the area • Configuration of the public utilities • Configuration of the transportation network • Selling the building plots, seeking for investors • Gentrification • Yuppie: young urban professional • New social class strongly attracting to the traditional colourful metropolitan milieu • 45

  46. Early 1980s, Europe: 1st big urban rehabilitation projects Population change in Ruhr area • Emblematic city: London • Dock Quarter: Canary Wharf • Later • Birmingham • Berlin • Hamburg • Amsterdam: Waterfront Program • New York: Harlem • Budapest: Middle Ferencváros (Corvin Quarter) • 46

  47. 5. Post-suburbanization • Urban models of Cedric Price (2001) • Middle Ages: model of soft-boiled egg • Towns with obvious borders (walls) • Industrial Revolution: model of fried egg • Expanded cities: functions surrounded the CBD by concentric, sectoral way • Post-modern city: model of scrambled eggs • Post-suburbanization: city-region with sub-centres • Central functions in the suburban zone • Universities, touristic attractions, international events, meetings (Gödöllő in the suburb of Budapest: Hungarian EU Presidency 2011) • 47

  48. Population change of the urban agglomeration Reurbanization Agglomerating process Suburbanization Exurbanization Dezurbanization Counterurb. Urban agglomeration Suburban zone City • 48 Concentration Deconcentration Concentration

  49. Stages of urban development according to the change of population

  50. Brief summary of the stages of urban development It affects smaller crowds in time Agglomerating: more millions, reurbanization: a few thousands, post-suburbanization: no significant movement Leading, dominant continent Stages of moving inwards (agglomerating, reurbanization): initially in Europe Stages of moving outwards (sub-, and dezurbanization): initially in North America Dynamics of the process: Initially agglomerating Followed by suburbanization Later could be followed by dez-, re and post-suburbanization More stages could coexistence parallel in cities Cities could be classify upon the dominant stage (Whole countries are classified falsely) • 50

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