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TILT-UP CONSTRUCTION

TILT-UP CONSTRUCTION. GUEST SPEAKER: KAREN S. HAND, P.E. Introduction. Karen S. Hand, P.E. BSCE – University of Missouri-Rolla May 1993 Needham & Associates, Inc. Consulting Engineers May 1998-Present TCA - Charter Member 2004 Achievement Award Winner for Innovation. Topics.

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TILT-UP CONSTRUCTION

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  1. TILT-UP CONSTRUCTION GUEST SPEAKER: KAREN S. HAND, P.E.

  2. Introduction Karen S. Hand, P.E. BSCE – University of Missouri-Rolla May 1993 Needham & Associates, Inc. Consulting Engineers May 1998-Present TCA - Charter Member 2004 Achievement Award Winner for Innovation

  3. Topics • Panelizing the Building • Connections • Architectural Considerations

  4. Project Procurement • Clients can be Architect, Engineer of Record, Subcontractor, General Contractor • Design Build Specialty Engineer • Engineer of Record with Additional Scope

  5. Tackling the Project • PLANNING!!!!!! • With the Architect • PLANNING!!!!!! • With the Engineer of Record • PLANNING!!!!!! • With the Contractor

  6. Preliminary Design • Know what your constraints are..Not the typical “design” issues…Think beyond the paper…know what assumptions have been made in the proposal by the contractor. • Limited Site • Crane Size • Weather

  7. Planning • Decide the approach • Are there any unique issues to consider?

  8. Panelizing the Building • One of the most important steps in Design • What is panelizing? • Determining how the walls are divided into panels, what their shapes are and where the joints between them occur

  9. Panelizing the Building • Coordinate with Architect and Steel Framing Engineer and Contractor • Goal for Panel Sizes: • Maximum Panel Size • Minimize Panel Joints

  10. Panelizing the Building • Factors to Consider • Crane Capacity and Reach • Steel Framing Layout and Bearing Locations – Typical Embedment Pattern • Opening Locations – Adequate Jambs, Lintel Panels, Vertically Stack Openings • Locate Girders at Center of Panel or at Joint • Footing Step Locations

  11. Panelizing the Building • Takes the same time to lift and set a large panel as a small panel. Take Advantage. • Efficient Panel Layout Effects the Cost of the entire project and should be considered one of the most important issues to coordinate. • Cost in Formwork • Cost in Embeds/Connections

  12. Planning the Connections • Base Connections • Corner Connections • Roof Framing Connections • Miscellaneous Connections

  13. Types of Connections • Welded Embedded Metal • Most Common • Embedded Inserts • Allows for Bolted Connection • Eliminates Field Welding • Accuracy in Locating • Drilled In Anchors • Post installed • Cast-In-Place Concrete • At Slabs

  14. Base Connections • What type of foundation system is being used? • Continuous Footing • Reinforced Top and Bottom layer • Centered Under Panel • Spread Footing • Panel Spans Corner to Corner • Allow for Expansion and Contraction

  15. Base Connections • Diagonal Shrinkage cracks in the corners due to restraint of bearing pads • Grout under the panels as soon as possible • Shim Packs or Grout Pads should be located ¼ from the end of the panel

  16. Base Connections • Friction – Old Days • Pourback Strips and Slab Dowels • Embedded Plates or Angles • To Slab Option • To Footing Option • Free Standing Walls • Spandrel/Grade Beam Type

  17. Pourback Strips and Slab Dowels • Slab is poured short of the panel location with a “closure strip” of about 3’-0”. • Dowels are “wet set” into the panel at the correct elevation to meet the center of the floor slab. • Backfill and insert rebar between slab dowel and panel dowel. • Closure strip is poured to finish off the slab.

  18. Pourback Strip At Dock Wall

  19. Pourback Strips and Slab Dowels • Problems with the procedure • “Wet setting” the dowels is cumbersome • Accurate placement • Finishing • Variations of Detail • Backfilling becomes a safety concern • Braces are still attached • Access is a problem

  20. Backfilling • ACI 551 Section 4.10.2 • Prior to backfilling, place a strip of felt over the joint between adjacent panels below grade and pack with plastic roof cement. This prevents dirt, mud or water from leaking through the joint in the panels

  21. Embedded Base Connections • Allows for the slab to be poured to inside face of where tilt-up panel will go • Eliminates Backfilling on Inside of Bldg • Connections can me made immediately

  22. Embedded Base Connections • To Slab • Angle Embedded in the Slab, Plate Embedded in the Panel - Welded • Consider Expansion/Contraction in Slab and Panel • To Footing • Angle Embedded at Base of Panel • Second Angle is welded to Embed and Bolted to Ftg • Consider Additional Unbraced Length for Panel Design • Consider Corrosion • Consider Expansion/Contraction

  23. Dock High Walls • Connection at Slab and at Footing • Slab Connection • Resists Lateral Load • Reduces Unbraced Length for Compression • Footing Connection • Resists Lateral Soil Pressure behind Panel • Advantage - Base Fixity for Panel Design

  24. Panel to Panel Connections • Are they needed? • Not typical for tilt up • Common in Precast • Larger Panels and Wider Panels

  25. Panel to Panel Connections • Tie panels together for Overturning Forces • Re-entrant Corners with Drag Strut Forces • Laterally stabilize two adjacent panels • Use a Butterfly Connection • Expansion and Contraction • Do not restrain any more movement with the connection than structurally required.

  26. Corner Connections • Thermal Bowing • Caulked Joints can fail prematurely – Not a structural performance issue • Expansion and Contraction • Do not restrain any more movement with the connection than structurally required.

  27. Roof Framing Connections • Diaphragm – Chord Connections – Continuous Angle also acts as Deck Bearing Angle • Drag Strut Connections • Joist Bearing Connections • Embedded Plate and Bearing Angle • Joist Pocket • Girder Bearing Connections • Embedded Plate and Angle/Plate • Beam Pocket

  28. Ledger Connection • Diaphragm Chord – Shear Forces • Deck Bearing – Gravity Forces • Lateral Restraint – Tension Forces • Continuous Angle • Different Thermal Coefficient of Expansion • Rigid Connection for Shear at Center of Panel • Sliding Connection for Gravity and Tension Forces

  29. Typical Ledger Connection

  30. Typical Joist Connection

  31. Typical Girder Connection

  32. Other Connections • Mezzanine Connections • Smaller Joist Spacing • Resist Temptation to use a Continuous Angle Welded at each Joist • Spandrels

  33. Expansion/Contraction • Did I mention Expansion/Contraction is the most important thing to remember when designing connections? • Expansion/Contraction is the most important thing to remember when designing connections. • Let the panels “breathe”

  34. Design Panels • Once connections have been planned you can design the panels for the constraints you have provided. • Eccentric Loads due to Bearing Connections • Unbraced Length for Panel Buckling • Base Fixity

  35. Reinforcing Schedules • Once Panels have been designed, you will indicate the required reinforcing on the structural drawings.

  36. Reinforcing • Design Note regarding Reinforcing: • ACI 318 Section 14.3.5 allows bar spacing up to 18 inches. • Best practice is to use smaller bars not to exceed 15 inches o.c. • When using a double mat of steel, you could stagger the mats to reduce the effective spacing if stretching to 18” but this requires additional chairs to support the upper and lower mat independently. Check with Contractor for cost impact.

  37. Engineering Documents • Need to Transmit, with completeness and clarity, the general and specific requirements for tilt up panels. • Key Plan • Locate panels and indicate designation • Elevations • Each panel uniquely numbered • Drawn from inside of building looking out • Panel Dimensions and connection detail references • Joint sizes

  38. Engineering Documents • Connection Details • Anchor sizes required • Embed Plate sizes and stud spacing • Reinforcement Details • Typical rebar placement • Clear coverages • Special Tie Configurations • Pilaster reinforcement if required • Specifications • Shop Drawings – Panel Layout

  39. Detailing the Panels • Biggest Source of Field Problems are results of inadequate checking and correlating between Architectural and Structural drawings. • Design Engineer typically isn’t too concerned about getting all the architectural features coordinated.

  40. Panel Layout • Panel Identification • Locate and Identify Embedded Items • Locate Openings • Location of any recesses or reveals with details • Locate Architectural Finishes • Pull all dimensions from upper left corner

  41. Communication • Communication with the Architect is vital to the success of the project • Communication with the Engineer is vital to the success of the project • Communication with the Contractor is vital to the success of the project

  42. Architectural Considerations • Accent Panels • Applied Treatment • Surface Treatment • Reveals (Rustication) • Protrusions

  43. Reveals (Rustication) Most basic Architectural influence

  44. Architectural • Sandblasting • Exposed Aggregate • Painting • Applied

  45. Surface Treatments Formliners with Brick or CMU Pattern

  46. Thinset Brick Installation

  47. Architectural Features

  48. Thinset Brick Patterns with Thinset Brick

  49. CMU Facade • Chameleon Wall • Placed in Sand Casting Bed • Concrete Poured over the CMU Face

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