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MEDU-REVISION. MEDU-222- Topics . 1. Introduction to the course ( MEDU-222) “Concepts & principles of learning” 2. Introduction to College Curriculum & Regulation. 3. Graduation & School Studies 4. Self-Directed Learning 5. Integrated teaching & learning 6. Time management.
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MEDU-222- Topics • 1. Introduction to the course (MEDU-222) “Concepts & principles of learning” • 2. Introduction to College Curriculum & Regulation
3. Graduation & School Studies 4. Self-Directed Learning 5. Integrated teaching & learning 6. Time management
7. Professionalism in medical education • 8. Rationale of Problem-Based Learning • 9. Process of PBL • 10. PBL Application
11. Important strategies & instructional methods in medical education • 12. Students Assessment
What is SDL? • Is the process for which the individual learner takes the initiative and the responsibility (with or without help) to: • assess educational needs, • set goals and objectives, • plan and identify appropriate educational activities, • implement those activities, • and evaluate the outcomes.
Twelve Tips for Effective SDL • Identify your learning needs • Translate learning needs into learning objectives • Identify educational resources • Organize learning activities • Set a doable & practical plan • Set a learning contract
Twelve Tips for Effective SDL 7- Make use of electronic resources 8- Maintain high motivation 9- Be skillful time-manager 10- Be skillful critical reader 11- Self-assessment & 12- Evaluate educational process.
Advantages of independent learning • Convenience for students in term of place & time (‘just-in-time’ learning), • Relevance to the needs of the practicing doctor, • Individualization to the needs of each learner (‘just-for-you’ learning), • Self assessment by the learner of his own competence, • Interest of the program & motivation of learner, • Systemic coverage of the topic for the program.
Educational strategies • SPICES Model. • Each strategy can be represented as a spectrum or continuum: • Student-centered………..teacher-centered • Problem-based……………information-gathering • Integrated…………………discipline-based • Community-based…………..hospital-based • Elective…………………………….uniform • Systematic………………..apprenticeship-based
What is a curriculum? • The curriculum is the content or objectives for which school hold students accountable. • The curriculum is the set of instructional strategies teachers plan to use.
What is a curriculum? • A curriculum is about what should happen in a teaching program – about the intension of the teachers and about the way they make this happen. • The curriculum in fact is • What the student learns • How the student learns (strategy/s & Learning/teaching tools) • How the student assessed • The learning environment • Learning outcomes
Types of CurriculaThe Concurrent Curricula • The official curriculum: (The written curriculum), • The Operational Curriculum, • Hidden Curriculum
Basic curricular structures • The discrete curriculum, • The linear curriculum, • The pyramidal structure, AND • The spiral curriculum.
What is PBL? “ A learning method based on the principle of using problems as a starting point for the acquisition and integration of new knowledge.” H.S. Barrows 1982
What is PBL? • Is an instructional methodcharacterized by the use of patient problems as a context for students to learn problem-solving skills and acquire knowledge about the basic and clinical sciences.”
Rationale for PBL • Learning via the use of situations is an efficient way to learn • Scenarios facilitate the integration of knowledge from many fields • The practice of PBL encourages the thinking processes and helps set a pattern for life long learning. • Intellectually stimulating.
Advantages of PBL • A problem at the beginning provides a concrete application • Links and experience help recall of information • PBL helps to learn and understand new material easier • In PBL each student takes in small pieces of information and synthesises it for the larger picture – like a jigsaw! • PBL enhances active learning; • It is multidisciplinary;
Advantages of PBL • Learning is problem driven; • Learning occurs in small tutorial groups; • Student-Centered learning; • Integrative thinking • Self directed learning • Motivation for learning; • Learning environment is realistic; and • Assessment matches educational objectives
Disadvantages of PBL • Some will be uncomfortable with PBL because they prefer the anonymity of lectures and a subject-base • It may appear as thoughnot much learning is taking place • Good problem-solving is not automatic – it takes practice
Disadvantages of PBL • It is costly; • Large and well trained staff is needed; • More time is needed; • Large physical structure is required; and • It needs more resources.
PBL Process - Seven Jumps • Clarify terms • Define the problem • Analyze the problem • Summarize • Formulate learning objectives • Self study based on step 5 • Report back in the group
Common Time Wasters • Interruption • Meetings • Tasks to delegate • Procrastination • Acting with incomplete information • Dealing with classmates • Crisis management
Common Time Wasters • Unclear communication • Inadequate technical knowledge • Unclear objectives and priorities • Lack of planning • Stress and fatigue • Inability to say "No" • Personal disorganization
Procrastination • Postponing planning or implementation of a task which produces unnecessary delay • Or • “Constituting those attitudes and behaviors that serve to maintain others interest above physician self-interest”.
Procrastination Signs (Thief of Time) • Paralysis by planning where implementation is delayed unnecessarily • Perfectionism which often serves to delay tackling other • problems and not cost-effective to achieve • Boredom • Hostility to tasks • The Deadline High
How to tackle procrastination? • Set deadlines by which goals should be achieved
What is Professionalism? • It is not easy to define a profession, but it is likely to have all or Some of the following characteristics: • It is a vocation that implies service to others. • It has a distinctive knowledge base which is kept up to date. • It determines its own standards. • It has a special relationship with those whom it serves e.g. patients. • It has particular ethical principles
What is Professionalism? • Is a term which embodies numerous qualities of physicians as public servants. • “Constituting those attitudes and behaviors that serve to maintain others interest above physician Self-interest”
“Excellence” • It entails a conscientious effort to exceed normal expectations and make a commitment to life-long learning.
six key elements of professionalism: 1- Altruism 2- Accountability 3- Excellence 4- Duty 5- Honor and integrity 6- Respect for other
ALTRUISM • Is the essence of professionalism. The best interest of the patients, not self-interest, is the rule.
Unprofessional Behaviors for students in classroom setting 1- Arriving for class late and/or leaving early 2- Being unprepared for group sessions 3- Not completing assigned tasks 4- Disrupting class sessions 5- Failing to attend scheduled class sessions 6- Cheating on an exam 7- Cheating attendance
Principles of Adult learning • The need to know— adult learners need to know why they need to learn something before undertaking to learn it • Learner self-concept — need to be responsible for their own decisions • Role of learners' experience— have a variety of experiences of life - the richest resource for learning • Readiness to learn— are ready to learn those things they need to know in order to cope effectively with life situations • Orientation to learning— are motivated to learn to the extent that they perceive that it will help them perform tasks they confront in their life situations.
Integration: a definition • “ The teaching of different subject areas in a thematic manner, so that the different disciplines are not emphasized”
Integration: a definition • “ The organization of teaching of teaching matter to interrelate or unify subjects frequently taught in separate academic courses or departments” Harden
Advantages of Integration 1. Matching curriculum aims 2. Achieving higher level of objectives. 3. Avoiding information overload. 4. Making learning interesting & effectives 5. Motivating students. 6. Benefiting staff.
Assessment Formative v/s Summative
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Skills & Behaviour Cognition/ Knowledge Assessment Does Shows how Knows how Knows Miller GE. The assessment of clinical skills/competence/performance. Academic Medicine (Supplement) 1990; 65: S63-S7.
Assessment Action Does Performance Shows how Knows how Competence Knows Knowledge • Miller GE. The assessment of clinical skills/competence/performance. Academic Medicine (Supplement) 1990; 65: S63-S7.
Criteria for different assessment methods • Validity: • Reliability • Educational impact • Cost effectiveness • Acceptability/ Practicability
Criteria / Requirements 1. Validity: measure what it is supposed to measure? 2. Reliability: produce consistent results. 3. Practicability: practical in term of times & resources.
