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HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006

HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006. Overview and Validation of the CEM03.01 and LAQGSM03.01 Event Generators for MCNP6, MCNPX, and MARS15 S. G. Mashnik 1 , K. K. Gudima 2 , R. E. Prael 1 ,

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HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006

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  1. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006 Overview and Validation of the CEM03.01 and LAQGSM03.01 Event Generators for MCNP6, MCNPX, and MARS15 S. G. Mashnik1, K. K. Gudima2, R. E. Prael1, A. J. Sierk1, M. I. Baznat2, N. V. Mokhov3 1Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA 2Academy of Science of Moldova, Chisinau, Moldova 3Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL, USA

  2. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006 ●Introduction ●INC of CEM03.01 and LAQGSM03.01 ●The coalescence model ●Preequilibrium [the Modified Exciton Model (MEM)] ●Evaporation ●Fission ●Fermi break-up of light nuclei (A<13) ●Fission-like binary-decay by GEMINI and multifragmentation by the Statistical Multifragmentation Model (SMM) in the “G” and “S” versions of CEM03.01 and LAQGSM03.01 ●Summary

  3. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006 A general scheme of CEM/LAQGSM calculation Input n and p IntraNuclear Cascade (INC) A > 12? Coalescence yes d, t, 3He, 4He Preequilibrium A > 12? no no yes no Evaporation A > 12? Fermi breakup yes no Fission, if Z>64 Af1, Af2, > 12? no yes Output yes Evaporation from fission fragments A > 12?

  4. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006 • The INC of CEM03.01 is based on the “standard” (non-time- • dependent) version of the Dubna cascade model [1,2], improved • and developed further at LANL during recent years [3-6]: • V. S. Barashenkov, K. K. Gudima, and V. D. Toneev, JINR Communications P2-4065 • and P2-4066, Dubna (1968); P2-4661, Dubna (1969); Acta Physica Polinica 36 (1969) 415. • 2) V. S. Barashenkov and V. D. Toneev, Interaction of High Energy Particle and Nuclei • with Atomic Nuclei, Atomizdat, Moscow (1972); V. S. Barashenkov, et al., Sov. Phys. Usp. • 16 (1973) 31. • 3) S. G. Mashnik and A. J. Sierk, Proc. SARE-4, Knoxville, TN, Sep. 13-16, 1998, • pp. 29-51 (nucl-th/9812069). • 4) S. G. Mashnik and A. J. Sierk, Proc. AccApp00, Washington, DC, USA, Nov. 12-16, • 2000, pp. 328-341 (nucl-th/0011064). • 5) S. G. Mashnik, K. K. Gudima, A. J. Sierk, R. E. Prael, Proc. ND2004, Sep. 26 — Oct. 1, • 2004, Santa Fe, NM, AIP Conf. Proc. 769, pp. 1188-1192 (nucl-th/0502019) • 6) S. G. Mashnik, M. I. Baznat, K. K. Gudima, A. J. Sierk, R. E. Prael, • J. Nucl. and Radiochem. Sci. 6, (2005) pp. A1-A19 (nucl-th/0503061).

  5. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006

  6. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006

  7. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006

  8. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006 In comparison with the initial version [1,2] of INC, in CEM03.01 we have: 1) developed better approximations for the total cross sections 2) developed new approximations to describe more accurately experimental elementary energy and angular distributions of secondary particles from hadron-hadron and photon-hadron interactions 3) normalized photonuclear reactions to detailed systematics developed by M. Kosov 4) the condition for transition from the INC stage of a reaction to preequilibrium was changed; on the whole, the INC stage in CEM03.01 is longer while the preequilibrium stage is shorter in comparison with previous versions 5) the algorithms of many INC routines were changed and almost all INC routines were rewritten, which speeded up the code significantly 6) some preexisting bugs in the INC were fixed

  9. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006 Exp. data (symbols): J. Ouyang, PhD thesis U. of Colorado, 1992; S. G. Mashnik, R. J. Peterson, A. J. Sierk, M. R. Braunstein, Phys. Rev. C61 (2000) 034601

  10. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006 The INC stage of reactions is described by LAQGSM03.01 with a recently improved version [1] of the time-depending intranuclear cascade model developed initially in Dubna, often referred in the literature simply as the Dubna intranuclear Cascade Model, DCM[2], using the Quark-Gluon String Model (QGSM) [3] to describe elementary interactions at energies above 4.5 GeV. [1] S.G. Mashnik, K.K. Gudima, M.I. Baznat, A.J. Sierk, R.A. Prael, N.V. Mokhov, LANL Report, LA-UR-06-1764, Los-Alamos (2006). [2] V.D. Toneev, K.K. Gudima, Nucl. Phys. A400 (1983) 173c. [3] N.S. Amelin, K.K. Gudima, V.D. Toneev, Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 51 (1990) 327; ibid. 51 (1990) 1730; ibid. 52 (1990) 172; N. S. Amelin, CERN/IT/ASD Report CERN/IT/99/6, Geneva, Switzerland (1999).

  11. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006 LAQGSM uses a continuous nuclear distribution (no “zones”)

  12. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006 r = rint +l/2p, where rint = 1.3 fm; l/2p is the de Broglie wavelength

  13. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006 The formation time: tf= (E/m)tf0; tf0 = Ct h/mp ; Ct = 1.0 for mesons and ~0.0 for baryons

  14. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006

  15. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006 NA49 data (symbols): C. Alt et al., Eur. Phys. J. C45 (2006) 343-381; LAQGSM03.01 results: histograms

  16. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006 NA49 data (symbols): C. Alt et al., Eur. Phys. J. C45 (2006) 343-381; LAQGSM03.01 results: histograms

  17. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006 NA49 data (symbols): C. Alt et al., E-print: hep-ex/0606028, submitted to Eur. Phys. J. ; LAQGSM03.01 results: histograms

  18. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006 NA49 data (symbols): C. Alt et al., E-print: hep-ex/0606028, submitted to Eur. Phys. J. ; LAQGSM03.01 results: histograms

  19. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006 HARP data (symbols): M. G. Catanesi et al., Nucl. Phys. B 732 (2006) 1-45; LAQGSM03.01 results: histograms

  20. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006 The coalescence model implemented in LAQGSM/CEM is described in [1]; We have changed the coalescence momentum radii p0 for the various light composite particles up to 4He by fitting them to measured data on various reactions and have fixed several bugs observed in the original version [1]. [1] V. D. Toneev and K. K. Gudima, Nucl. Phys. A400 (1983) 173c. LAQGSM: pc(d) = 90 MeV/c; Pc(t) = pc(3He) = 108 MeV/c; pc(4He) = 115 MeV/c CEM: pc(d) = 150 MeV/c; pc(t) = Pc(3He) = 175 MeV/c; pc(4He) = 175 MeV/c

  21. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006 Data: L. M. Barkov et al., Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 35 (1982) 694; 37 (1983) 732; 41 (1985) 227

  22. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006 In comparison with the initial version [2] of CEM, the preequilibrium(PREC) part of CEM03.01 have been changed: 1) the condition for transition from the preequilibrium stage of a reaction to evaporation/fission was changed; on the whole, the preequilibrium stage in CEM03.01 is shorter while the evaporation stage is longer in comparison with previous versions 2) the widths for complex-particle emission were changed by fitting the probability of several excitons to "coalesce" into a complex particle that may be emitted during the preequilibrium stage to available experimental data on reactions induced by protons and neutrons 3) algorithms of many PREC routines were changed and almost all PREC routines were rewritten, which speeded up the code significantly 4) some bugs were discovered and fixed

  23. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006 Data: V. Blideanu et al., Phys.Rev. C 70 (2004) 014607

  24. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006 Data: J. Franz et al., Nucl. Phys. A510 (1990) 774

  25. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006 Theevaporationstages of reactions is calculated with an improved version of the Generalized Evaporation Model (GEM2) by Furihata(several routines by Furihata from GEM2 were slightly modified in CEM03.01/LAQGSM03.01; some bugs found in GEM2 were fixed).

  26. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006

  27. RPSD06, Carlsbad, NM, USA, April 2-3, 2006 NESSI data: C.-M. Herbach et al., Nucl. Phys. A765 (2006) 426-463

  28. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006 Fission is calculated with an improved version of GEM2 that is an extension by Furihata of the RAL fission model of Atchison. We have changed the calculation of the fission cross sections;several routines by Furihata from GEM2 were slightly modified in CEM03.01/LAQGSM03.01; some bugs found in GEM2 were fixed. Fission cross section calculation:

  29. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006 In CEM03.01 and LAQGSM03.01:

  30. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006 S. G. Mashnik, A. J. Sierk, K. K. Gudima, M. I. Baznat,Proc. NPDC19,Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 41 (2006) 340-351 (nucl-th/0510070)

  31. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006 GSI data (filled circles): M. Bernas et al., Nucl. Phys. A725 (2003) 213; T. Enqvist et al., Nucl. Phys. A703 (2003) 435; LAQGSM results: open circles

  32. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006 The Fermi breakup model used in LAQGSM03.01 and in CEM03.01 was developed in the group of Prof. Barashenkov at JINR, Dubna and is described in details in [1]. [1] N. Amelin, “Physics and Algorithms of the Hadronic Monte-Carlo Event Generators. Notes for a Developer,” CERN/IT/ASD Report CERN/IT/99/6, Geneva, Switzerland (1999); “GEANT4, Users' Documents, Physics Reference Manual,” last update: 08/04/1999; http://wwwinfo.cern.ch/asd/geant4/G4UsersDocuments/UsersGuides/ PhysicsReferenceManual/html/PhysicsReferenceManual.html/. The total probability per unit time of a nucleus (A,Z) with excitation energy U to breakup into n components is: where r0= 1.4 fm, is the only “free” parameter (fixed) of the model.

  33. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006 In comparison with its initial version [1] used in QGSM, in the initial version of LAQGSM, and in GEANT4 and SHIELD, we have modified the Fermi breakup model in the last versions of CEM and LAQGSM: • To decay some unstable light fragments like 5He, 5Li, 8Be, 9B, etc., that were produced by the original Fermi breakup model; • Several bugs/uncertainties observed in the original version [1] were fixed; this solved the problem of the production of “nucleon stars” like “nuclides” xn and yp allowed by the original version; • We have incorporated the Fermi breakup model at the preequilibrium and evaporation stages of reactions (earlier, it was used only after the INC).

  34. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006

  35. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006

  36. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006 Data (symbols): K. Ishibashi et al., J. Nucl. Sci. Techn., 34 (1997) 529

  37. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006 GSI data (circles): F. Rejmund et al., Nucl. Phys. A683 (2001) 540; ibid., p. 513

  38. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006 G.W. McKinney, D.J. Lawrence, T.H. Prettyman, R.C. Elphic, W.C. Feldman, J.J. Hagerty, J. Geophysical Res., Vol. 111, E06005, Doi:10.1029/2005JE002551, 2006

  39. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006 N.V. Mokhov, K.K. Gudima, S.G. Mashnik, I.L. Rakhno, S.I. Striganov, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 116, No. 1-4 (2005) 104-108

  40. HSS06, FNAL, Batavia, IL, USA, September 6-8, 2006 Summary ● CEM03.01 and LAQGSM03.01 and their “S” and “G” versions describe various nuclear reactions much better than their precursors ●CEM03.01 is available now to users from Oak Ridge as the RSICC code package PSR-532, RSICC package id: P00532MNYCP00 ●CEM03.01 and LAQGSM03.01 are being (were) incorporated into MCNP6, MCNPX, and MARS15, to be available to users from RSICC ●However, there are still many problems to be solved … ●Thank you for your patience and attention !

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