Introduction To Human Anatomy and Physiology

1. Introduction To Human Anatomy and Physiology Coach Denson Honors Human A & P

2. Introduction • The study of the human body and how it works is relevant to every person alive. • The history of Human A & P follows the history of man and his development. • It is virtually impossible to separate the study of anatomy from the study of physiology.

3. Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy refers to the structure of the human body • Bones, tissues, organs, etc. • Physiology refers to the FUNCTION of the human body. • Processes (such as digestion, reproduction, & respiration)

4. What are the Characteristics of Life?? • Group Activity • What does it mean to be alive? • How would you describe a living organism? • What are the 10 characteristics of Human Life?

5. Characteristics of Life • Movement • Responsiveness • Growth • Reproduction • Respiration • Digestion • Absorption • Circulation • Assimilation • Excretion

6. Maintenance of Life • Physical life can NOT continue to exist without these requirements: • Water • Nutrients • Oxygen • Heat • Pressure

7. Maintenance of Life: Homeostasis • Maintains balance of internal body conditions, relative stability. • Regulates body temperature, blood pressure, blood glucose level, etc. • Employs negative feedback • Might vary a little.

8. Homeostatic Mechanisms • Receptors-provide information about specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment. • Control Center- Tells what a particular value should be. Also known as the “set point”. • Example- Body temperature-98.6 F • Effectors-MUSCLES OR GLANDS, elicit responses that alter conditions in the internal environment.

10. Organization of the Body: Body Cavities • Axial portion contains dorsal and ventral cavities. • Dorsal includes cranial and vertebral (back side) • Ventral includes thoracic and abdominopelvic (belly side) • Organs in a body cavity are called VISCERA (internal organs) • Other cavities include oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear. • Dorsal cavity is the most protected….why?

11. Organization of the Body: Membranes Thoracic and abdominopelvic membranes • Parietal (along body cavity wall) vs. Visceral (surrounding organs) • Serous (produces watery fluid, lines tubes that are not exposed to the outside) vs. Mucous (produces thick fluid, lines tubes that are exposed to the outside) • Thoracic Membranes (cont’d)

12. Organization of the Body: Membranes C. Thoracic membranes cont’d… • Pleural membranes- lines lungs • Pericardial membranes- lines the heart • Pleural and pericardial cavities- • Only potential space for lungs • Fluid in pericardial (protects the heart from trauma) D. Abdominopelvic membranes • Peritoneal membrane- • membranes of the abdominopelvic area • Peritoneal cavity- • potential space in between membranes • Has serous fluid

14. Organ Systems • Integumentary System • Anatomy- Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands • Physiology- Protects underlying tissue, regulates body temperature, water loss, houses sensory receptors • Skeletal System • Anatomy- bones, cartilages, ligaments, tendons • Physiology- provides framework, protective shield, muscle attachment, produces blood, stores inorganic salts

17. Organ Systems • Muscular System • Anatomy-Muscles • Physiology-Movement, Maintain posture, Produce heat • Nervous System- receives information from the environment • Anatomy-Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs • Physiology-Receives impulses from sensory parts, interprets impulses, and stimulates responses

20. Organ Systems • Endocrine System Only sends information • Anatomy- hormones, glands, (pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal, Ovaries, Etc.) • Physiology- Regulates metabolic activity of specific target cells • Digestive System • Anatomy- Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Intestines, Liver, etc. • Physiology-Breaks down food, Absorbs nutrients, Eliminates waste

23. Organ Systems • Respiratory System • Anatomy-Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs • Physiology-Intake and output of air, Gas exchange • Cardiovascular System • Anatomy-Heart, blood vessels, blood • Physiology-Transport materials throughout the body

26. Organ Systems • Lymphatic System IMMUNITY • Anatomy-Spleen, Thymus, Lymph vessels, Lymph nodes, Lymph • Physiology- Transports fluid back to blood stream, Carries fatty substances from intestines, Immunity/body defenses • Urinary System • Anatomy-Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra • Physiology-Filters blood, helps maintain fluid balance and electrolyte balance

29. Organ Systems • Reproductive System • Anatomy- • Male-Testes, Vas deferens, Penis • Female-Ovaries, Uterus, Vagina • Physiology- • Male/Female-Produce, maintain, transport sex cells • Female-Protect and nurture unborn and newborn

31. Anatomical Terminology • Relative Position-Describes one part of the body in relation to another part (usually in pairs) • Superior/Inferior-above/below • Anterior/posterior-front/back • Medial/lateral-closer to midline/to the side • Ipsilateral/Contralateral-same side/opposite side • Proximal/Distal-closer to the point of attachment/away from the point of attachment • Superficial/Deep-closer to the surface/below the surface

33. Anatomical Terminology • Body section-three main ones • Sagittal (median)-cut down the middle • Transverse (horizontal)- cut at the waist • Coronal (frontal)- cutting the body into front and back

35. Anatomical Terminology • Body regions • Abdominal regions • Four quadrants • Left Upper Quadrant • Right Upper Quadrant • Right Lower Quadrant • Left Lower Quadrant • Nine Regions • Epigastric • Hypogastric • Umbillical • Left and Right Hypochondriac • Left and Right Lumbar • Left and Right Illiac