The Mongol AND Ming

1. The Mongol AND Ming

3. Mongol Origins • Nomadic horse people • N. China Grasslands • Raised horses, tended sheep • Felt tents: Yerts, Ger • Language: Altaic (Rel. To Turkic, Manchurian) • Could not marry between tribes and clans

4. Organization • Families-->Clans-->Tribes--> • Tribes gathered during annual migration • Chiefs elected. Based on nobility, military ability, wisdom, leadership skills • Religion: Shamanism • Nature deities, but key God is the Sky God • Sacred color: blue

5. Temujin: Ghengis Khan • b. 1167, son of tribal chief • Father poisoned…fled as youth • Returned as adult, avenged father, Eventually chief • By age forty had unified all Mongol tribes • Battles, alliances, ability to survive • Elected as the Great Khan • Amazing talents along with sons and grandsons

6. positive aspects of the Mongol conquests • promoted commercial and cultural exchanges global civilizations • stable government based on precedents in • provided lengthy period of peace

7. Mongol Army Tactics • All males 15-70 served in army • Organized into“Myriads” (10,000’s) • Units within each of 1000, 100, and 10 • Unpaid • Elaborate signals • Soldiers supplied military equipment

8. Conquest • Intelligence gathering high priority • Foreign experts and advisors • Every man carried own supplies; had 2 horses. • Loyalty oaths • Creation of Yasa, law code

9. 32 million square kilometers

10. Divisions at Genghis Khan’s Death • Four Khanates • Kipchak Khanate (Golden Hoarde) • Russia • IlKhanate • Persia • Chagatai Khanate • Mongolia • Great Khanate • China, Outer Mongolia, Border States, to which the others owed allegiance. Later became the Yuan Dynasty

11. China under Mongol Rule • Kublai Khan conquered all of China and defeated the Song. • Ruled from Cambulac (Beijing) • Called himself the Yuan dynasty (1271-1368) • Building Projects • Religious Toleration • Ethnic Ranking • Marco Polo spent 17 years in Kublai’s service

12. Decline and succession • Chinese never really accepted as legitimate • Succession wars between heirs and generals • High Taxes, Corrupt officials • Paper money controversy • Yellow River changed course and flooded Grand Canal among other natural disasters • Decentralization & Rise of Warlords • Last Khan fled to Mongolia in 1368 after the Red Turbans Buddhist led revolts

13. The Ming Restore Chinese Rule • After Kublai Khan’s death, the Chinese despised the foreign Mongol rulers. • Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols back to the other side of the great wall & began the Ming (brilliant) Dynasty • The Ming ended foreign rule and restored Chinese traditions. • Revival of the arts & better methods of printing which led to a flood of books

14. China under Ming Rule Rebuilding China • 1368, peasant named Zhu Yuanzhang, rebel army, overthrew last Mongol emperor • Zhu took name Hongwu, “vastly martial,” founded Ming dynasty • Ming means “brilliant”; dynasty lasted nearly 300 years, until 1644 • rulers gained control of Korea, Mongolia, parts of Central, Southeast Asia • worked to rebuild China • Reduced taxes, improved trade, agriculture, increased stability The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) In addition, Hongwu worked to eliminate Mongol influences and revive traditional Chinese values and practices, like Confucian principles.

15. Ming Economy and Society • Prosperity • Improved methods of irrigation increased farm production • Peasants produced huge rice crops in southern river valleys • Growth of Crops, Population • 1500s, new crops like corn, sweet potatoes from Americas reached China • crops further increased farm output • Stability, plentiful food led to substantial population growth • Growth of Cities, Industries • As population grew, so did cities • Industries like manufacture of porcelain, silk expanded in response to growing European demand • At same time, China remained mainly agricultural society

16. Social hierarchy and mobility • scholar-officials, farmers, artisans, and merchants • scholar-official-landlord • learning, political power, and economic wealth • local elite (gentry) and lineage • lack of work ethic • literati’s long gown • foot-binding for women

17. China’s Tributary System • Traditional system for managing foreign relations • The ``Central Kingdom” worldview • Ming dynasty had the most extensive tributary system • tributes from East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and even West Asia and Africa

18. Values, Traditions • To obtain government officials educated in Confucian ideas, Hongwu restored, improved civil service examination system • To root out corruption, increased influence of censors, officials who monitored government • Expanded Power • Hongwu also greatly expanded power as emperor • Did away with positions of some high level officials, took over more control of government • As result, Ming emperors more powerful than in previous dynasties • Eliminated anyone challenging authority; killed thousands of rivals

19. Yonglo • In 1398 Hongwu died • Following power struggle, son Yonglo became emperor • Ruled from 1402 until 1424 • Moved Ming capital to Beijing, in northeast China • Built vast imperial city at center of Beijing • City complex became known as Forbidden City because most people forbidden from entering

20. Zheng He’s fleet (1405 - 1433) • Over 300 ships & 20,000 men • trade and commerce • Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia, and East Africa

21. China and the World 1405 – the voyages by Zheng He - to promote trade & collect tribute. • Showed others the power of the Chinese empire. • After he died, sea trading was halted b/c Confucian scholars were loyal to tradition & didn’t want foreign influence. • China missed its opportunity.

22. Outside Influences • European Influence • Some Europeans gained influence in China • One was Matteo Ricci, Italian Jesuit priest; arrived 1583 • European Learning • Ricci learned Chinese, adopted customs to gain acceptance • Introduced European learning in math, science • Mongol Threat • Ming also faced renewed Mongol threat to north • To improve defense, Ming restored China’s Great Wall • Great Wall • Parts of earlier walls repaired, but most construction new • Much of Great Wall seen today built during Ming period

23. Ming Foreign Relations Beginning of Isolation • 1500s, move toward isolation gained full force • Ming heavily restricted foreign trade and travel • Foreign merchants allowed to trade only at few ports, during certain times • Policies impossible to enforce; smugglers carried out brisk trade with foreign merchants • Arrival of European traders, Christian missionaries influenced decision to isolate China • Europeans introduced new goods and ideas • Ming disliked European influences • Sought to preserve Chinese traditions Ming Foreign Relations The policy to end the voyages was part of a move in Ming China toward isolation from the outside world.

24. The Manchu Reasons for Decline • Ming China weakened; the Manchu, a people to northwest in Manchuria, saw their chance • 1644, Manchu swept into Beijing, took capital • Last Ming emperor killed himself to avoid capture • Manchu formed own dynasty; gave it Chinese name—Qing • Late 1500s, Ming Dynasty began to decline • Weak rulers took throne, corruption increased under their rule • Defense efforts drained treasury; rulers raised taxes • 1600s, high taxes, crop failures led to famine, hardship; rebellions broke out Ming Decline