World History and Cultures

1. God, Gold and Glory Exploration, Conquest and Expansion World History and Cultures

2. Fighting Conquistador

3. Gold

4. Spanish Gold and Silver from the Americas

5. Columbus Extra Notes • Columbus made 4 trips to the New World – Discovering the major islands of the Caribbean – Haiti, San Salvador, PuertoRico, Jamaica and Cuba. • Till his death in 1506, Columbus believed that he reached a set of islands off the coast of India – which were connected to Japan.

6. Columbus Extra Notes 3 • Columbus along with later conquistadorsaccidentally brought a number of germsand diseases like Small Poxwhich helped to destroy the Native population. • Columbus and the Spanish conquistadorsforced labor in gold mines, disease and starvationrapidly killed off the Tainosand the natives

7. Columbus’s Extra Notes 4 • This depletion of slave labor forced the Spanish to look for other areas for slave labor – namely Africa. • Columbus’ trip also gave Spanish Missionaries the perfect opportunity to spread Christianity to the New World and convert Natives from the cultural religions. • After his first trip (his most successful trip), Columbus would bring back a number of spices, foods, some riches and primarily slaves.

8. Columbus Extra Notes 2 • By reaching these lands off of India – Christopher Columbus would be promised a portion of all of the riches that he brought back – this caused him to constantly search for means to bring riches back to Spain. • After meeting the natives of San Salvador, the Tainos, he believed thought that they were animalsand less than humans--- even though the natives gave him a warm reception • Columbus believed that he had found his means to getting his riches and would soon enslave the tainos and other natives in his pursuit of gold and riches in the New World

9. Columbus’s Extra Notes 5 • His stories of riches and success prompted Spain to go to Rome and have the pope at the time AlexanderVI, help them sign a peace treaty with Portugal called the Treatyof Tordesillasin 1494, which gave them complete claim to the islands that were to be discovered by Columbus and all land in the Western part of South America.

10. What role did Marco Polo having Europeans countries begin making voyages to new lands? • In going to China – he wrote an account of his experiences called THE TRAVELS • The book fascinated many Europeans by what they thought of the Exotic East

11. Identify each Explorers – List what each explorer accomplished -- List the date of their accomplishments

12. Bartholemeu Dias • 1488 • First to go around the Tip of Africa – Discovered the Cape of Good Hope

13. Vasco Da Gama • 1498 • First to go Around Africa and actually reach India – in the port of Calicut

14. Ferdinand Magellan • 1519-1522 • First explorer to get credit for circling the globe

15. Magellan’s Trip

16. John Cabot • 1497 • Explored the New England coastline of the Americas on Behalf of England

17. Pedro Alvares Cabral • 1500 • Attempted to go east around Africa to get to India and ended up discovering Brazil – South America

18. Amerigo Vespucci • Went along on several voyages – his letters describing the lands he sees which led to the use of the name America for the new lands

19. Conquistadors • Name for the Spanish explorers who claimed lands in the Americas for Spain in the 1500’s and 1600’s

20. Cortes and the Aztecs • The Aztec treated their king like he was a God – Most people weren’t allowed to touch him or look directly at him when they were in his presence

21. Cortes and the Aztecs • One important thing that the Spanish had which helped them against the Aztecs were horses • The Aztecs had never seen horses before – they said that by seeing the Spanish on horseback – was like seeing a half-man- half beast monster

22. Cortes and the Aztecs • In order to fight the Aztecs, Cortes increased his army by making allies with neighboring tribes that had been destroyed by the Aztecs

23. Malinche • she was a young Indian woman who served as the translator and adviser for Cortes – later named Dona Marina meaning traitor

24. Tenochtitlan

25. Cortes and the Aztecs • When Cortes came in Tenochtitlan – he actually was treated by the Aztec king (Moctezuma) like a god • He was believed to be the Aztec God Quetzalcoatl – he was showed with gifts and gold • Cortes returned the Aztec hospitality by imprisoningMoctezuma no more than a week later

26. What does Motecuhzuma mean when he says to Cortes “Now you have arrived on the earth”? • The Aztec king thinks that Cortes is a god predicted in legend who was come down to earth from heaven

28. What details show the great wealth of the Aztec Empire? • Descriptions about the treasure house – and the King’s own treasure – they mention things like gold shields, crowns and golden leg armor

29. Why did the other Aztec chiefs lose respect for Motecuhzuma after he ordered them to provide the Spaniards with Supplies? Why did they obey his orders? • They did not think that the Spaniards especially Cortes was a god • They obeyed the king because they were loyal to him.

30. What advantages did Cortes have in his attempt to conquer the Aztec? What were Aztecs’ weaknesses? Could the Spaniards have conquered the Mexicans as easily if Motecuhzoma had not been so trusting? • Spanish – guns, cannon, ruthless attitude, perhaps the help of Malinche and others who objected to Aztec rule • Aztec – trust in Spaniards, lack of firearms, willingness to obey Motecuhzuma • ??????

31. Cortes and the Aztecs • The Aztecs would eventually rise up against the Conquistadors on June 29, 1520 – During this rebellion by the Aztecs – Moctezuma was killed • The story behind the death of Moctezuma varies by the teller of the story

32. Moctezuma's attempt to ease the crowd

33. Cortes • According to the Spanish – Moctezuma attempted to help calm the rebellion down and in the fury of Aztec crowd – one of them threw a rock– which struck the king in the head causing his eventual death – Before he died he was baptized and made into a Christian • According to the Aztecs – Cortes pushed the Aztec King in front of the Crowd in order to calm down – the crowd was not responsive to the king – When Cortes realized this he killed Moctezuma and in the back which killed him

34. Cortes and the Aztecs • In a desperate attempt to escape the city – Many of Cortes’ conquistadors drowned in the canals that ran throughout the city in the canals that ran throughout the city • They drowned because they were weighed down by the gold they were trying to take with them in their escape

35. What was Pizzaro able to do? How did he do it? What did he do in 1535? • Defeated the Incas – He captured and later executed the Incan emperor – Atahualpa • They fought the Incas – but the Incas’ stones, arrows and light spears could match the steel of the Spanish • He would go on to establish a new capital called Lima – in their new Spanish Empire

36. Pizarro and Atahualpa The taking of Atahualpa The killing of Atahualpa

37. WHO ESTABLISHED NEW Netherlands? How large was New Netherlands? Why did flourish? Who eventually took it over? What was it renamed too? • Dutch • It extended from the mouth of present day Hudson River as far north as present day Albany • It never flourished because of the West India Co.did not encourage settlement • English Renamed it – New York

38. Samuel de Champlain • 1608 • Founded Quebec on the banks of St. Lawrence river • This area was settled for France

39. What total are and holdings did the English control? • The English had established control over most of the Eastern seaboard of North America • They had set-up sugar plantations on several Caribbean islands • They also settled Virginia and Massachusetts

40. Explorer Timeline Activity

41. Who was the first explorer to land in North America?  Where did he land?  When did he land there? • Leif Ericson • Landed in New Foundland • 1000

42. . In terms of the Pacific Ocean, did the same person who discovered give the ocean its current name?  If not, who discovered the Pacific Ocean and who gave it its current name? • No • Balboa – Discovered the Pacific – Magellan Named it

43. Based on the timeline, why is it logical that the citizens of Puerto Rico predominantly speak Spanish today? • Because it was founded by two explorers representing Spain – Columbus and Ponce De Leon

44. Identify the major French explorers who founded places and made discoveries in the New World?  What were their accomplishments?   • Cartier, Champlain and La Salle • Cartier - explored the St.Lawrence River (Founded Montreal) – Champlain founded Quebec on the banks of St. Lawrence river --- La Salle explored the Great Lakes, Mississippi River and Gulf of Mexico

45. Identify 2 major achievement of Giovanni Verrazano • Explored the East coast to North Carolina • He also discovered Manhattan • He was the first European to enter New York Bay

47. What 4 American states were founded and explored by the explorers in this timeline? • New Mexico • Texas • Florida • Alaska • California • North Carolina • New York

48. List the all of the explorers who explored the land in these states – When did each of these men go these places?

49. Vitus Bering – Explored Alaska • Walter Raleigh backed the first colony in North Carolina • Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo was the first European explorer to navigate the coast of present day California in the United States • Pedro Menendez de Aviles, Hernando de Soto, Juan Ponce de Leon all explored Florida • Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca the first European to explore Texas • Giovanni Verrazano discovered Manhattan – New York

50. What are the 3 Mythical places that the explorers on this timeline came to New World to find? Who were the explorers who came looking for these places and when did they come to New World? • Francisco Vasquez de Coranado – Mythical 7 Cities of Gold – (1540-1542) • Fray Marco de Niza – 7 Golden Cities of Cibola – (1536-1539) • Juan Ponce de Leon – Mythical – Fountain of Youth (1513)