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INDEKS KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN = Environmental Sustainability Index

Diabstraksikan oleh : soemarno , psdl ppsub , desember 2012. INDEKS KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN = Environmental Sustainability Index. PENGENDALIAN POLUSI UDARA. Bahan Kajian pada MK. PSDAL . ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES Air Pollution Water Pollution/Use Ecosystem Stress

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INDEKS KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN = Environmental Sustainability Index

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  1. Diabstraksikanoleh: soemarno, psdlppsub, desember 2012 INDEKS KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN =Environmental Sustainability Index PENGENDALIAN POLUSI UDARA BahanKajianpada MK. PSDAL

  2. ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES Air Pollution Water Pollution/Use Ecosystem Stress Waste/Consumption Population Sumber: Pilot Environmental Sustainability Index, Dan Esty, Yale, Marc Levy, Columbia, May 5, 2000. …………… diunduh 28/11/2012

  3. POLUSI UDARA Air pollution is contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical, physical or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere. Household combustion devices, motor vehicles, industrial facilities and forest fires are common sources of air pollution. Pollutants of major public health concern include particulate matter, carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Outdoor and indoor air pollution cause respiratory and other diseases, which can be fatal. Polusi udara adalah masuknyake atmosfer bahan kimia, partikulat, atau bahan biologis yang menyebabkan ketidaknyamanan, penyakit, atau kematian manusia, kerusakan organisme hidup lainnya seperti tanaman pangan, atau kerusakan lingkungan alam atau lingkungan binaan. (Sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution) Diunduhdari: http://www.who.int/topics/air_pollution/en/……………… 29/11/2012

  4. POLUTAN UDARA Suatuzat di udara yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada manusia dan lingkungan dikenal sebagai polutan udara. Polutan dapat berupa partikel padat, titik-titikcairan, atau gas. Selain itu, polutandapatbersifatalamiah atau buatan manusia. Pollutants can be classified as primary or secondary. Usually, primary pollutants are directly emitted from a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption, the carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust or sulfur dioxide released from factories. Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact. An important example of a secondary pollutant is ground level ozone — one of the many secondary pollutants that make up photochemical smog. Some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: that is, they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants. Diunduhdari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution……………… 29/11/2012

  5. CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION: Greenhouse effect, Particulate contamination, Increased UV radiation, Acid rain, Increased ground level ozone concentration, Increased levels of nitrogen oxides. Diunduhdari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution ……………… 29/11/2012

  6. Major primary pollutants produced by human activity include Sulphur oxides (SOx) - especially sulphur dioxide, a chemical compound with the formula SO2. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) - especially nitrogen dioxide are emitted from high temperature combustion, and are also produced naturally during thunderstorms by electrical discharge. Carbon monoxide (CO)- is a colourless, odorless, non-irritating but very poisonous gas. It is a product by incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major source of carbon monoxide. Carbon dioxide (CO2) - a colourless, odorless, non-toxic greenhouse gas also associated with ocean acidification, emitted from sources such as combustion, cement production, and respiration. Volatile organic compounds - VOCs are an important outdoor air pollutant. In this field they are often divided into the separate categories of methane (CH4) and non-methane (NMVOCs). Atmospheric particulate matter - Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM) or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas. Persistent free radicals connected to airborne fine particles could cause cardiopulmonary disease. Toxic metals, such as lead, cadmium and copper. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - harmful to the ozone layer emitted from products currently banned from use. Ammonia (NH3) - emitted from agricultural processes. Ammonia is a compound with the formula NH3. Odors — such as from garbage, sewage, and industrial processes Radioactive pollutants - produced by nuclear explosions, nuclear events, war explosives, and natural processes such as the radioactive decay of radon. Diunduhdari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution ……………… 29/11/2012

  7. Secondary pollutants include: Particulate matter formed from gaseous primary pollutants and compounds in photochemical smog. Smog is a kind of air pollution; the word "smog" is a portmanteau of smoke and fog. Classic smog results from large amounts of coal burning in an area caused by a mixture of smoke and sulfur dioxide. Modern smog does not usually come from coal but from vehicular and industrial emissions that are acted on in the atmosphere by ultraviolet light from the sun to form secondary pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to form photochemical smog. Ground level ozone (O3) formed from NOx and VOCs. Ozone (O3) is a key constituent of the troposphere. It is also an important constituent of certain regions of the stratosphere commonly known as the Ozone layer. Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) - similarly formed from NOx and VOCs. Minor air pollutants include: A large number of minor hazardous air pollutants. A variety of persistent organic pollutants (POP), which can attach to particulate matter. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes. Diunduhdari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution ……………… 29/11/2012

  8. SUMBER POLUSI UDARA Sources of air pollution refer to the various locations, activities or factors which are responsible for the releasing of pollutants into the atmosphere. 1. Anthropogenic sources (human activity): "Stationary Sources" include smoke stacks of power plants, manufacturing facilities (factories) and waste incinerators, as well as furnaces and other types of fuel-burning heating devices. "Mobile Sources" include motor vehicles, marine vessels, aircraft and the effect of sound etc. Chemicals, dust and controlled burn practices in agriculture and forestry management. Fumes from paint, hair spray, varnish, aerosol sprays and other solvents Waste deposition in landfills, which generate methane. Military, such as nuclear weapons, toxic gases, germ warfare and rocketry. 2. Natural sources Dust from natural sources, usually large areas of land with little or no vegetation Methane, emitted by the digestion of food by animals, for example cattle Radon gas from radioactive decay within the Earth's crust. Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires Vegetation, in some regions, emits environmentally significant amounts of VOCs on warmer days. Volcanic activity, which produce sulfur, chlorine, and ash particulates. Diunduhdari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution ……………… 29/11/2012

  9. FAKTOR EMISI Faktor emisi polutan udara adalah nilai-nilai representatif jumlah polutan yang dilepaskan ke udara ambien berhubungan dengan aktivitas yang terkait dengan pelepasan polutan itu. These factors are usually expressed as the weight of pollutant divided by a unit weight, volume, distance, or duration of the activity emitting the pollutant (e.g., kilograms of particulate emitted per megagram of coal burned). Faktoremisiinimemudahkanestimasi emissions dariberbagaisumberpolusiudara. In most cases, these factors are simply averages of all available data of acceptable quality, and are generally assumed to be representative of long-term averages. Diunduhdari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution ……………… 29/11/2012

  10. SARANA KONTROL POLUSI UDARA • Particulate control • Mechanical collectors (dust cyclones, multicyclones) • Electrostatic precipitators • An electrostatic precipitator (ESP), or electrostatic air cleaner is a particulate collection device that removes particles from a flowing gas (such as air) using the force of an induced electrostatic charge. Electrostatic precipitators are highly efficient filtration devices that minimally impede the flow of gases through the device, and can easily remove fine particulate matter such as dust and smoke from the air stream. • 3. Baghouses • Designed to handle heavy dust loads, a dust collector consists of a blower, dust filter, a filter-cleaning system, and a dust receptacle or dust removal system (distinguished from air cleaners which utilize disposable filters to remove the dust). • 4. Particulate scrubbers • Wet scrubber is a form of pollution control technology. The term describes a variety of devices that use pollutants from a furnace flue gas or from other gas streams. In a wet scrubber, the polluted gas stream is brought into contact with the scrubbing liquid, by spraying it with the liquid, by forcing it through a pool of liquid, or by some other contact method, so as to remove the pollutants. Diunduhdari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution ……………… 29/11/2012

  11. SARANA KONTROL POLUSI UDARA • NOx control • Low NOx burners • Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) • Selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) • NOx scrubbers • Exhaust gas recirculation • Catalytic converter (also for VOC control) • VOC abatement • Adsorption systems, such as activated carbon • Flares • Thermal oxidizers • Catalytic converters • Biofilters • Absorption (scrubbing) • Cryogenic condensers • Vapor recovery systems • Acid Gas/SO2 control • Wet scrubbers • Dry scrubbers • Flue-gas desulfurization • Mercury control • Sorbent Injection Technology • Electro-Catalytic Oxidation (ECO) • K-Fuel • Dioxin and furan control Diunduhdari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution ……………… 29/11/2012

  12. AIR POLLUTION INDEX (API) - CHINA The API level is based on the level of 5 atmospheric pollutants, namely sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), suspended particulates (PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3) measured at the monitoring stations throughout each city. An individual score is assigned to the level of each pollutant and the final API is the highest of those 5 scores. The pollutants can be measured quite differently. SO2, NO2 and PM10 concentration are measured as average per day. CO and O3 are more harmful and are measured as average per hour. The final API value is calculated per day. The scale for each pollutant is non-linear, as is the final API score. Thus an API of 100 does not mean twice the pollution of API at 50, nor does it mean twice as harmful. While an API of 50 from day 1 to 182 and API of 100 from day 183 to 365 does provide an annual average of 75, it does not mean the pollution is acceptable even if the benchmark of 100 is deemed safe. This is because the benchmark is a 24 hour target. Diunduhdari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Pollution_Index ……………… 29/11/2012

  13. AIR POLLUTION INDEX (API) - CHINA API and Health Implications (Daily Targets) Diunduhdari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Pollution_Index ……………… 29/11/2012

  14. AIR POLLUTION INDEX (API) - HONGKONG In Hong Kong, there are two types of API: General API and Roadside API. The EPD reports the latest APIs hourly. The table below shows the official Health Implications of the respective API levels in Hong Kong. The API is based on the level of 6 atmospheric pollutants, namely sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), respirable suspended particulates, carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), lead (Pb), measured at all the monitoring stations throughout the territory. Diunduhdari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Pollution_Index ……………… 29/11/2012

  15. AIR POLLUTION INDEX (API)- MALAYSIA The air quality in Malaysia is reported as the API or Air Pollution Index. Four of the index's pollutant components (i.e., carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are reported in ppmv but PM10 particulate matter is reported in μg/m3. This scale below shows the Health classifications used by the Malaysian government. If the API exceeds 500, a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area. Usually, this means that non-essential government services are suspended, and all ports in the affected area are closed. There may also be a prohibition on private sector commercial and industrial activities in the reporting area excluding the food sector. Diunduhdari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Pollution_Index ……………… 29/11/2012

  16. EfeKPolusiUdara • Efekterhadapkesehatanmanusia • Acute effects • Chronic effects • Efekterhadaplingkunganalam • Acid rain • Ozone layer depletion • Global warming • Global climate change diunduhdarisumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt‎

  17. EfekPolusiUdarathdKesehatanManusia 1984 Bhopal accident 1986 Chernobyl Respiratory, digestion, mucus, skin, and neural systems diunduhdarisumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt‎

  18. Air Pollution: From Local to Global diunduhdarisumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt‎

  19. Air Pollution: From Local to Global diunduhdarisumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt‎

  20. More Than Global diunduhdarisumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt‎

  21. PolusiUdaradi Asia - Pacific 2.1 Urban Air Quality 2.2 Acid Rain 2.3 Sandstorms 2.4 Atmospheric Brown Cloud diunduhdarisumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt‎

  22. PolusiUdara & Kontrolnyadi China 3.1 Air pollution situation 3.2 Ambient air quality standards and API 3.3 Two control zones and mass loading control 3.4 Energy use and industrial restructuring 3.5 Vehicular emission control diunduhdarisumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt‎

  23. SituasiPolusiUdara • Urban air quality • Acid rain • Sand storms • Vehicular emission related air pollution diunduhdarisumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt‎ diunduhdarisumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt‎

  24. 1985 diunduhdarisumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt‎

  25. Ambient Air Quality Standards & Air Pollution Index • Three classes of ambient air quality standards: (1) reserved areas; (2) residential areas； (3) industrial areas and the areas near major roads of transportation • Air pollution index (API) diunduhdarisumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt‎

  26. “Two-Control Zone” & Mass Loading Control • “Two-Control Zone” means the areas where SO2 and acid rain must be controlled; • Mass loading control; • Targets: (1) To 2000, SO2 emitting industrial sources should attain emission requirements; mass-loading control should be put in practice; the SO2 concentrations of large cities should attain NAASQ standards; acid rain pollution worsening tendency should be mitigated. (2) To 2010, the total amount of SO2 emission should keep the level of the year 2000; SO2 concentration for all urban areas should attain the requirement of NAASQ; and the acid rain area with rain pH values smaller than 4.5 should be significantly reduced in comparison with that in 2000. diunduhdarisumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt‎

  27. Energy Use & ndustrialRestructuring • Coal, low sulfur content, formed… • Gasification • Centralized heating • Natural gas • Close, stop, change, move out heavily polluting factories diunduhdarisumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt‎

  28. Kontrolemisikendaraan • Gasoline tanpaPb • Emission standards (Euro II, July 1, 2004) • Black effluent reporting • Old vehicle phase out • Transportation planning – non-vehicle transportation diunduhdarisumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt‎

  29. Tantangan & Peluang 4.1 Growing economy and air pollution 4.2 Urban transportation 4.3 Renewable and alternative energy 4.4 Management and enforcement 4.5 International cooperation 4.6 Change to a new consumption mode diunduhdarisumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt‎

  30. PertumbuhanEkonomi & PolusiUdara • Energy and material consumption; urbanization; transportation • More investment; better technologies; self consciousness diunduhdarisumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt‎

  31. Urban Transportation • Urban planning • Urban density control • Avoid over-suburbanization • Public transportation • Non-vehicle transportation diunduhdarisumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt‎

  32. Penurunandayadukung The graphic shows how abrupt climate change may cause human carrying capacity to fall below usage of the eco-system, suggesting insufficient resources leading to a contraction of the population through war, disease, and famine. (Schwartz and Randall, 2003) diunduhdarisumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt‎

  33. 5 Easy Steps to Reduce Air Pollution Hematenergidisekitarrumah. MenurutUS Environmental Protection Agency, hematenergidapatmengurangiemisikarbon. Karenasumberenergi yang paling membutuhkanpembakaranbahanbakarfosil, semakinsedikitenergi yang digunakan, akansemakinhijau. Set peralatandanlampupada timer untukmematikansetelahjangkawaktutertentutidakaktif. Gunakanlampu neon kompakbukan bola lampustandar, danmenggunakanmicrowave, bukandari oven untukmemanaskanbenda-bendakecil. Diunduhdari : http://homeguides.sfgate.com/5-easy-steps-reduce-air-pollution-79154.html

  34. 5 Easy Steps to Reduce Air Pollution Kelola pemanasan dan pendinginan. Hidupkan termostat Anda turun di musim dingin dan di musim panas setiap kali Anda berada di tempat kerja, tidur atau berlibur. Anda juga dapat mengaktifkan pemanas air Anda ke 120 derajat untuk menghemat daya. Pastikan isolasi Anda sampai ke tingkat yang direkomendasikan untuk wilayah Anda, dan melindungi pipa yang melewati ruang pemanas. Periksa untuk melihat bahwa jendela dan pintu tidak bocor udara hangat atau dingin. Senantiasamemastikan tungku dan AC berjalan efisien, melakukan pemeliharaan rutin. Diunduhdari : http://homeguides.sfgate.com/5-easy-steps-reduce-air-pollution-79154.html

  35. 5 Easy Steps to Reduce Air Pollution Mengurangi jumlah kemasan yang dibeli dan jumlah sampah rumah tangga yang dihasilkan. Proses pembuatan kemasan melepaskan emisi berbahaya ke atmosfer, sehingga merendahkan merek yang menggunakan sesedikit mungkin kemasan. Recycle segala sesuatu yang didapat: aluminium, kertas, kaca, plastik dan kardus biasanya mudah untuk mendaur ulang. Ketika membuang zat kimia berbasis seperti cat, baterai, pestisida atau pelarut, cek dengan kantor pengelolaan limbah di daerah anda untuk, metode ramah lingkungan yang aman Diunduhdari : http://homeguides.sfgate.com/5-easy-steps-reduce-air-pollution-79154.html

  36. 5 Easy Steps to Reduce Air Pollution Kurangi jumlah waktu yang Anda habiskan di dalam mobil. Carpool atau menggunakan transportasi umum kapanpun Anda bisa. Untuk jarak pendek, berjalan kaki atau naik sepeda untuk melakukan tugas. Menurut US Department of Transportation, berubah untuk carpooling dapat menyelamatkan seseorang lebih dari $ 1.000 per tahun. Jika Anda menghindari mengemudi sendirian hanya satu hari setiap minggu selama satu tahun, Anda dapat menghemat ratusan dolar dalam biaya, belum lagi keausan pada mobil Anda. Ketika Anda harus berkendara, isi ulang tangki bensin Anda pada saat dingin hari dan menghindari menumpahkan gas untuk mencegah penguapan ke atmosfer. Diunduhdari : http://homeguides.sfgate.com/5-easy-steps-reduce-air-pollution-79154.html

  37. 5 Easy Steps to Reduce Air Pollution Meningkatkanekonomibahanbakar. Kenaikan1 persenpadaekonomibahanbakarsamadenganpenurunan 1 persenemisikarbondioksida. Hindarimempercepatcepat, pengeremankerasdanmengemudidengankecepatantinggi, terutamaketikadilalulintasberat. HapuskelebihanberatbadandarimobilAndadanmenghapusrakatapterpakaiataupembawasepeda, yang menyebabkanhambatan. Diunduhdari : http://homeguides.sfgate.com/5-easy-steps-reduce-air-pollution-79154.html

  38. THE EFFECTS OF URBAN TREES ON AIR QUALITY David J. Nowak. USDA Forest Service, Syracuse, NY. Urban vegetation can directly and indirectly affect local and regional air quality by altering the urban atmospheric environment. The four main ways that urban trees affect air quality are: Temperature reduction and other microclimatic effects Removal of air pollutants Emission of volatile organic compounds and tree maintenance emissions Energy effects on buildings. Diunduhdari : http://www.treebenefits.terrasummit.com/Files/Air_Quality_Benefits_of_Trees.html

  39. THE EFFECTS OF URBAN TREES ON AIR QUALITY David J. Nowak. USDA Forest Service, Syracuse, NY. PenurunanSuhu Udara: Transpirasi pohon dan kanopi pohon mempengaruhi suhu udara , penyerapan radiasi dan penyimpanan panas , kecepatan angin , kelembaban relatif , turbulensi , permukaan Albedo , kekasaran permukaan,dan akibatnya evolusi ketinggian lapisanpencampuran udara. Perubahankondisimeteorologi lokal dapat mengubah konsentrasi polusi di perkotaan . Meskipun pohon biasanya berkontribusi terhadap penurunansuhu udara, kehadirannyadapat meningkatkan suhu udara dalam beberapa halkhusus. Di daerah dengan tajuk pohon yang tersebar , radiasi dapat mencapai dan memanaskan permukaan tanah , pada saat yang sama , kanopi dapat mengurangi pencampuranatmosfer sehingga udara dingin tidakdapatmencapai daerah tersebut. Dalam kasus ini , pohon rindang dan transpirasi mungkin tidak dapatmengimbangi naiknyasuhu udara akibat berkurangnya prosespencampuranudara. Pengurangan suhu udara tengah hari maksimum karena pohon-pohon berkisar0.04oC - 0.2oC per persen peningkatantutupankanopi. Di bawahtajukpohondiatasrumput , suhu udara tengah hari pada 1,5 m di atas tanah 0.7o C - 1.3oC lebihdingindaripada di daerah terbuka . Penurunan suhu udara juga dapat mengurangi pembentukan ozon . Diunduhdari : http://www.treebenefits.terrasummit.com/Files/Air_Quality_Benefits_of_Trees.html

  40. THE EFFECTS OF URBAN TREES ON AIR QUALITY David J. Nowak. USDA Forest Service, Syracuse, NY. PenyerapanPolutan Udara: Pohon menghilangkan gas pencemarudara terutama oleh penyerapan melalui stomata daun, meskipun adabeberapa jenisgas yang dikeluarkan oleh permukaan tanaman. Setelah masuk daun, gas berdifusi ke ruang antar sel dan dapat diserap oleh film air untuk membentuk asam atau bereaksi dengan permukaan daun. Pohon juga mengendalikanpolusi dengan menangkappartikel udara. Beberapa partikel dapat diserap ke dalam pohon, meskipun sebagian besar partikel yang ditangkapitudipertahankan pada permukaan tanaman. Partikel yang ditangkaptersebutdisuspensikankembalike atmosfer, dicuci oleh hujan, atau jatuh ke tanah bersamadengan daun dan ranting. Vegetasi hanya menjadisitus retensi sementara bagiberbagaimacampartikel atmosfer. Diunduhdari : http://www.treebenefits.terrasummit.com/Files/Air_Quality_Benefits_of_Trees.html

  41. THE EFFECTS OF URBAN TREES ON AIR QUALITY David J. Nowak. USDA Forest Service, Syracuse, NY. Pada tahun 1994, pohon di Kota New mampumenyerapsekitar1.821 metrik ton polusi udara pada perkiraan nilainyabagi masyarakat sekitar$ 9.500.000. Penyembuhanpolusiudaraoleh hutan kotadi New York lebih besar dari di Atlanta (1.196 t; $ 6.500.000) dan Baltimore (499 t; $ 2.700.000), tetapi penyerapanpolusi per m2 tutupan kanopi hampirsamadi antara kota-kota ini (New York: 13,7 g/m2 / tahun, Baltimore: 12,2 g/m2 / thn, Atlanta: 10,6 g/m2 / yr). Lajupenyerapanpolusiudaradiantara kota-kota sesuai dengan jumlah polusi udara, lamanya musim pohonberdaun, curah hujan, dan variabel meteorologi lainnya. Pohon besardansehat (diameternyalebih dari 77 cm) menyerappolusi udara sekitar 70 kali lebih besarper tahun (1,4 kg / tahun) daripada pohon sehat kecil yang diameternyakurang dari 8 cm (0,02 kg / tahun). Diunduhdari : http://www.treebenefits.terrasummit.com/Files/Air_Quality_Benefits_of_Trees.html

  42. THE EFFECTS OF URBAN TREES ON AIR QUALITY David J. Nowak. USDA Forest Service, Syracuse, NY. Perbaikankualitas udara di Kota New York karena penyerapanpolusi oleh pohon selama siang hari musim berdaun rata-rata 0,47% untuk partikulat, 0,45% untuk ozon, 0,43% untuk sulfur dioksida, 0,30% untuk nitrogen dioksida, dan 0,002% untuk karbon monoksida. Kualitas udara meningkat dengan peningkatan tutupan pohon dan penurunan ketinggian lapisanpencampuranudara. Di daerah perkotaan dengan 100% tutupan pohon (yaitutegakan hutan kontinyu), perbaikan jangka pendek kualitas udara (satu jam) akibatpenyerapanpolusi oleh pohon-pohon dapatmencapai15% untuk ozon, 14% untuk sulfur dioksida, 13% untuk partikulat, 8% untuk nitrogen dioksida, dan 0,05% untuk karbon monoksida. Diunduhdari : http://www.treebenefits.terrasummit.com/Files/Air_Quality_Benefits_of_Trees.html

  43. THE EFFECTS OF URBAN TREES ON AIR QUALITY David J. Nowak. USDA Forest Service, Syracuse, NY. Emisi Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC): Emisi senyawa organik yang mudah menguap oleh pohon dapat berkontribusi padapembentukan ozon dan karbon monoksida. Namun, dalam atmosfer dengan konsentrasi oksida nitrogen rendah (misalnya, beberapa lingkungan pedesaan), VOC dapat benar-benar merusakozon. Karena emisi VOC sangattergantung suhu, dan temperatur udara dilokasipohon umumnya lebih rendah, makapeningkatan tutupan pohon dapat menurunkan emisi VOC secara keseluruhan dan, akibatnya, tingkat ozon di daerah perkotaanjugamenurun. Diunduhdari : http://www.treebenefits.terrasummit.com/Files/Air_Quality_Benefits_of_Trees.html

  44. THE EFFECTS OF URBAN TREES ON AIR QUALITY David J. Nowak. USDA Forest Service, Syracuse, NY. Tingkat emisi VOC juga bervariasi diantaravspesiespohon. Sembilan genera pohonyang memiliki tingkat tertinggi standar emisi isoprena, dan oleh karena itu mempunyaiefek relatif terbesar terhadappeningkatan ozon, adalah: beefwood (Casuarina spp.), Eucalyptus spp, sweetgum (Liquidambar spp.), Karet hitam. (Nyssa spp.) , sycamore (Platanus spp.), poplar (Populus spp.), oak (Quercus spp.), hitambelalang (Robinia spp.), dan willow (Salix spp.). Namundemikian, hasil ini masihbelummeyakinkan, apakah genera ini berkontribusi untuk pembentukan ozon di kota-kota (yaitu, pembentukan ozon dari emisi VOC lebih besar dari pelenyapanozon). Beberapa genera pohondi Brooklyn, NY, yang mempunyaiefek relatif besar pada penurunanozon adalah murbei (Morus spp.), Cherry (Prunus spp.), Linden (Tilia spp.) dan madu belalang (Gleditsia sp.). Diunduhdari : http://www.treebenefits.terrasummit.com/Files/Air_Quality_Benefits_of_Trees.html

  45. THE EFFECTS OF URBAN TREES ON AIR QUALITY David J. Nowak. USDA Forest Service, Syracuse, NY. Pohon di tempat parkir juga dapat mempengaruhi emisi evaporatifdari kendaraan, khususnya melalui naunganolehpohon rindang. Peningkatan tutupanpohondilapanganparkirsebesar8% sampai 50% dapat mengurangi lajuemisi VOC kendaraan sebesar 2% dan mengurangiuemisinitrogen oksida menjadikurang dari 1%. Diunduhdari : http://www.treebenefits.terrasummit.com/Files/Air_Quality_Benefits_of_Trees.html

  46. THE EFFECTS OF URBAN TREES ON AIR QUALITY David J. Nowak. USDA Forest Service, Syracuse, NY. Gabungan Efek: Perubahan iklim mikro perkotaan dapat mempengaruhi emisi polusi, khususnya pembentukan ozon. Sebuah model simulasi tentanghilangnyahutankota20 persen di daerah Atlanta akibat urbanisasi menyebabkan peningkatan 14 persen konsentrasi ozon. Meskipun ada sedikit pohon yang memancarkan VOC, peningkatan suhu udara Atlanta karena pulau panas perkotaan, yang terjadi bersamaan dengan hilangnya pohon, peningkatan emisi VOCdari pohon-pohon yang tersisa dan sumber antropogenik, dan mengubahozon secarakimiasedemikian rupa sehingga konsentrasi ozon meningkat. Diunduhdari : http://www.treebenefits.terrasummit.com/Files/Air_Quality_Benefits_of_Trees.html

  47. THE EFFECTS OF URBAN TREES ON AIR QUALITY David J. Nowak. USDA Forest Service, Syracuse, NY. Strategi pengelolaan hutan kota untuk memperbaikikualitas udarameliputi: Meningkatkan jumlah pohon yang sehat ( meningkatkanpenyerapanpolusi ) . Mempertahankan tutupan pohon yang ada ( mempertahankan tingkat penghapusan polusi ) . Maksimalkan penggunaan pohon memancarkan VOC rendah ( mengurangi ozon dan pembentukan karbon monoksida ) . Mempertahankan pohon besardansehat ( pohon besar memiliki efek terbesar per pohon ) . Gunakan pohon berumur panjang ( mengurangi emisi polutan jangka panjang dari penanaman dan penghapusan ) . Gunakan pohon yang mudahpemeliharaannya( mengurangi emisi polutan dari kegiatan pemeliharaan ) . Mengurangi penggunaan bahan bakar fosil dalam memeliharavegetasi ( mengurangi emisi polutan ) . Menanam pohon di lokasi konservasi energi ( mengurangi emisi polutan dari pembangkit listrik ) . Menanam pohon untuk menaungi mobil yang diparkir ( mengurangi emisi VOC kendaraan ) . Pasokan air yang cukup untuk vegetasi ( meningkatkan penghapusan polusi dan penurunan suhu). Menanam pohon di daerah tercemar atau daerah padat penduduk ( memaksimalkan manfaat pohon kualitas udara ) . Hindari spesies sensitif polutan ( meningkatkankesehatan pohon ) . Memanfaatkan pohon cemara untuk penyerapanpartikel ( penyerapanpartikelsepanjang tahun) Diunduhdari : http://www.treebenefits.terrasummit.com/Files/Air_Quality_Benefits_of_Trees.html

  48. MENANAM POHON UNTUK MEMBERSIHKAN UDARA Diunduhdari:

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