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Ice Algae

Ice Algae. Kyle Evans 5.19.2009. General info. A general term used to describe all the various types of algal communities encountered in annual and multi-year sea-ice Mostly found in polar regions Some are photosynthetic Play important role in primary production in polar ecosystems.

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Ice Algae

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  1. Ice Algae Kyle Evans 5.19.2009

  2. General info • A general term used to describe all the various types of algal communities encountered in annual and multi-year sea-ice • Mostly found in polar regions • Some are photosynthetic • Play important role in primary production in polar ecosystems

  3. Factors that limit growth • Salinity • Temperature • May form resistant cysts • Light availability • Adapted to low light conditions • Accessory pigment fucoxanthin

  4. Primary Production • A review of algal species in pack ice and offshore plankton showed that dominance is common for three species: Phaeocystis antarctica, Fragilariopsis cylindrus and Fragilariopsis curta. • Blooms differ from phytoplankton in timing and distribution • Blooms may be caused by increase in biogenic material in water column following an ice melt. • Blooms occur multiple times a year

  5. Primary Production • Total particulate ice algal production ranged from 0.5 to 310 mg C mt-2 day−1 • Ice algae contributed on average 57% of the entire primary production (water column + sea ice) in the central Arctic and 3% in the surrounding regions.

  6. Primary Production • Ice algae provides food for adult krill and juvenile larvae • Krill provide main food source for penguins, seals, and whales.

  7. Communities • Inhabited by microbes: bacteria, algae, and protists. • Small metazoans: crustaceans and worms • Some large vertebrates • Visited by some mobile grazers from the water column

  8. Communities • Ecosystems dependent on ice algae production show strong season cycles and differences in food webs depending on ice conditions. • Winter could be most important for local grazers (concentration not production) • Authors point out winter ice algae as key points in zooplankton lifecycle.

  9. Questions? Resources Krembs, C. Deming Jody. Sea ice a refuge for life in polar seas? National Oceanic and Atmospheric administration. University of Washington. 2006. Lizotte, M. Contributions of sea algae to Antarctic marine primary production. American Zoologist, Feb 2001. Gosselin, M. Et. Al. New measurements of phytoplankton and ice algae production in the Arctic Ocean. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. Vol. 44. Issue 8. 1997. Pages 1623-1644. Syvertsen, E. Ice algae in the Barents Sea: types of assemblages, origin, fate and role in the ice-edge phytoplankton bloom. Polar Research. Vol. 10. Issues . 2007. Pages 277-288.

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