LAND ORDINANCE 1785

1. RE-THINKING & RE-WORKING THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT 1781-1788What events led some American leaders to determine a stronger central government was necessary and how did they succeed?

2. LAND ORDINANCE 1785 • Uniform procedures for surveying territory • Orderly development of western territory • Townships 6 mile sq., 36 sections, 1 reserved for public schools • Favored speculators

3. NORTHWEST ORDINANCE 1787 • Bounded by Ohio & Mississippi Rivers & Great Lakes • Established 1st organized territory of the United States • No less than 3 no more than 5 states • Full rights & responsibilities of original 13 states • Set precedent for how US would expand westward • Slavery prohibited

4. REVOLUTIONARY CHANGES • SLAVERY: on the road to ultimate extinction – Founding Fathers can’t agree here & know it so take it off the table – union & survival 1st priority • PA 1st to abolish slavery & form 1st anti-slavery organization • Slavery died where it was not eco-nomically important • Easier laws of manumission • NW Ordinance 1787 • Banneker, Wheatley, R. Allen • RELIGION: Anglican church be-comes Episcopal, state support for churches continues BUT money goes to religion with most members • ABOLISH PRIMOGENITURE & ENTAIL: property inheritance more equitable • WOMEN: no uniform changes BUT ran farms, homes & businesses during war • Increasing legal rights: divorce, property & education • EMERGENCE OF NATIONAL SPIRIT & CULTURE: flag, national heroes, textbooks, nationalism a result NOT cause of Revolution, uniform postal system, currency, Academy of Arts & Science, mid 18th c. US as distinct from Europe

5. NEED TO PUT NATION ON SOUND FINANCIAL FOOTING ROBERT MORRIS & 5% IMPORT DUTY – REJECTED NEWBURGH CONSPIRACY – HAMILTON & MORRIS – FAILURE IMPOST OF 1783 – REJECTED IT’S THE ECONOMY (STUPID)INFLATION, DEBT, NO INCOME

6. TRADE (OR LACK THEREOF) • Exports to Britain were restricted. • British law prohibited trade with Britain's remaining sugar colonies in the Caribbean. • Two major sources of colonial-era commerce were eliminated • A flood of cheap British manufactured imports that sold cheaper than comparable American-made goods made the post-war economic slump worse. • Finally, the high level of debt taken on by the states to fund the war effort added to the economic crisis by helping to fuel rapid inflation.

7. JAY-GARDOQUI TREATY 1784 • FLORIDA BORDER DISPUTE • SPAIN DIDN’T SIGN TREATY • SPAIN DIDN’T RECOGNIZE US RIGHTS TO SHIP GOODS DOWN THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER • SECTIONS SUSPICIOUS OF EACH OTHER & THEIR INDIVIDUAL INTENTIONS • TREATY NOT RATIFIED

8. SHAYS’ REBELLION 1786 A DESPERATE NEED FOR A STRONGER CENTRAL GOVERNMENT • “I saw 1 head turning into 13” GW • Culmination of signs for many that the federal government needed teeth • Fighting for principles won in the Revolution • Catalyst to stabilize the country: threat to property • Europe demands loan repayment in specie, MA banks require specie, farmers can’t pay loans • Daniel Shays’ & others storm courthouse in Springfield • No aid for MA from central gov’t

9. STENGTHENING FEDERAL AUTHORITY • ANNAPOLIS CONVENTION 9/17/86 • Focus on common commerce issues • Representatives from 5 states – reconvene w/ news of Shays’ • PHILADELPHIA CONVENTION 5/87 • 55 delegates from 12 states • No one looking for complete democracy • ISSUES: amend or scrap Articles of Confederation and representation: balance the interests of large and small states in terms of population

10. THE COMPROMISE • REPRESENTATION • VIRGINIA PLAN – E. RANDOLPH (JAMES MADISON) • BICAMERAL LEGISLATURE, FIXED REPRESENTATION PROPORTIONATE TO POPULATION • NEW JERSEY PLAN – WM. PATTERSON • UNICAMERAL LEGISLATURE, EACH STATE EQUAL VOTE • CONNECTICUT COMPROMISE (GREAT COMPROMISE) R. SHERMAN • EQUAL VOTE/EACH STATE UPPER HOUSE, PROPORTIONAL VOTING LOWER HOUSE • ALL REVENUE BILLS TO BE INTRODUCED IN THE HOUSE – LOWER CHAMBER • GREATLY OPPOSED BY MADISON & VIGINIANS BUT PASSED • DESIRE FOR STRONGER CENTRAL GOVERNMENT OUTWEIGHED FEAR OF ABSOLUTE GOVERNMENT & REDUCTION OF STATES’ RIGHTS

11. SEPARATION OF POWERS & CHECKS AND BALANCES

12. FEDERALISM

13. MORE COMPROMISE 3/5THS COMPROMISE COMMERCE COMPROMISE CONSTITUTION PERPETUATES SLAVERY NO INTERFERENCE WITH SLAVE TRADE UNTIL 1808 RETURN FUGITIVE SLAVES • NO QUESTION ON WHETHER OR NOT TO ALLOW SLAVERY JUST WHETHER OR NOT THEY WOULD BE COUNTED AS PART OF THE POPULATION • PROPERTY RIGHTS • SLAVES TO COUNT AS 3/5THS OF A PERSON TOWARDS POPULATION BUT ALSO TAXED AS PROPERTY AT SAME RATE

14. RATIFICATION • FRAMERS UNDERSTOOD THAT STATE LEGISLATURES WOULD NOT RATIFY DUE TO SUBORDINATION TO FEDERAL AUTHORITY • CONSTITUTION REPUDIATED IDEA THAT STATES WERE FOUNDATION OF THE NEW GOVERNMENT • “WE THE PEOPLE” NOT “WE THE STATES” • SPECIAL STATE CONVENTIONS WITH DELEGATES ELECTED BY VOTERS • 9 OUT OF 13 NEEDED

15. FEDERALIST PAPERSMadison, Jay, Hamilton • FEDERALISTS: NEED STRONGER CENTRAL GOVERNMENT • HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES REPRESENT THE PEOPLE • NOT A LOT OF SUPPORT INITIALLY • ANTI-FEDERALISTS: STATES SUBORDINATE TO NATIONAL GOVERNMENT • NEW CONSTITUTION ELIMINATES “SOVEREIGN STATES” • NO PROTECTIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL LIBERTIES • MASSACHUSETTS: CONTENTIOUS RATIFICATION 2/1788 – ONLY WITH PROMISE TO CONSIDER BILL OF RIGHTS – 4 STATES FOLLOW • NH 9TH STATE 6/21/88 BUT NEW YORK & VIRGINIA NOT YET ON BOARD • VA 6/26/88 & FINALLY NY RATIFY JULY 26 (30 TO 27)