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Nervous system

Nervous system. sarah park & jenny youn. Contents. Structure and function of neuron Divisions of nervous system (central vs. peripheral, autonomic vs. somatic, sympathetic vs. parasympathetic Parts of brain and functions of each Emotions and the amygdale

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Nervous system

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  1. Nervous system sarah park & jenny youn

  2. Contents Structure and function of neuron Divisions of nervous system (central vs. peripheral, autonomic vs. somatic, sympathetic vs. parasympathetic Parts of brain and functions of each Emotions and the amygdale Importance of reflexes to our well-being Current issues: stem cells and spinal cord injuries

  3. Emotions & AMYGDALA -BRAIN AND EMOTION - Autonomic nervous System

  4. AMygdala • Your autonomic nervous system has two branches of activity. • The sympathetic branch FIGHT FLIGHT Heart Rate (+) PREPARE FOR ACTION

  5. Emotion and the amygdala • Your autonomic nervous system has two branches of activity. PARASYMPATHETIC BRANCH Heart rate (-) REST AND RECOVERY

  6. EMotion and the Amygdala • Stimulate: hormonal production & response. • Manifestations of autonomic nervous system imbalance common symptoms -headache, hot flash, irregular heartbeat, nervousness, depression, anxiety

  7. Emotion and the Amygdala • WHAT IS THE AMYGDALA? • Set of sub-cortical nuclei • Perceive in others and having in oneself emotional or affective behaviors & feelings • IT IS, THEREFORE, • a component of the limbic system.

  8. amygdala <- LOCATION OF THE AMYGDALA IN THE BRAIN. <- SUBDIVISION OF THE AMYGDALA

  9. reflexes to our well-being • Philosophy – good for a person • What does our well-being consist of? • -depends on independent interests • -important in moral philosophy

  10. Reflexes to our well being • Welfarism -justifactory force of any moral reason rests on well-being

  11. Current Issue: stem cells • Potential for self-renewal & to differentiate into specialized cell types • Early Mammalian Embryo (5-7 days) • -give rise to different cell types of organism

  12. Spinal Cord Injuries • myelopathy, damage to white matter, myelinated fiber tracts (carry signals to&from brain) • Gray matter (central spine part) – segmental loss of inter-neurons and motor-neurons • Causes: trauma, tumor, ischemia, development disorders, neuro-degenerative diseases, vascular malformations, transverse myelits, demyelinative diseases

  13. how various drugs and alcohol affect our nervous system

  14. COCAINE • Increased energy, decreased appetite, mental alertness • Highly addictive • Disturbs heart rhythm, nausea, respiratory failure, strokes, seizures • Severe withdrawal symptoms when user stops taking this drug

  15. MARIJUANA MARIJUANA CAUSES A PEACEFUL OR EUPHORIC SENSATION IN THE USER. SOON THE SENSATION PASSES AND THE USER MAY FEEL SLEEPY OR DEPRESSED. MARIJUANA IMPAIRS MEMORY AND ATTENTION SPAN. IT ALSO AFFECTS COORDINATION AND BALANCE AND SLOWS REACTION TIME.

  16. Heroin HEROIN CAUSES A ‘RUSH’ OF PLEASURE IN THE USER THAT IS USUALLY FOLLOWED BY SEVERAL HOURS OF DROWSINESS. IT MAY ALSO CAUSE NAUSEA, VOMITING AND SEVER ITCHING. HEROIN IS EXTREMELY ADDICTIVE. SYMPTOMS OF WITHDRAWAL AFTER STOPPING HEROIN USE INCLUDE RESTLESSNESS, MUSCLE AND BONE PAIN, INSOMNIA, DIARRHEA, VOMITING AND COLD FLASHES.

  17. Hallucinogens HALLUCINOGENS ARE DRUGS THAT CAUSE HALLUCINATIONS - DISTORTIONS IN PERCEPTION OF REALITY AND TIME. THEY MAY EXPERIENCE SEVERAL EMOTIONS AT ONCE OR SWING RAPIDLY FROM ONE EMOTION TO ANOTHER.

  18. Nervous system disease • http://www.sci.uidaho.edu/med532/Disease_index.htm • http://www.umm.edu/nervous/glossary.htm

  19. Neurons • Neurons, glial cells • Roles: transmit nerve messages • Glial Cells- surround & have contact with neurons Functional unit of nervous system • 100 billion in brain • 3 parts : Dendrites, cell body, axon

  20. Neurons~

  21. Neurons cont. • Dendrites – receive info from cell and transmit message to cell body • Cell body – eukaryote cells (mitochondria, nucleus, etc.) • Axon – conduct message away from cell body

  22. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • Contains nerves • connects the brain & spinal cord to rest of the body • Dendrites and axons (surrounded by white myelin sheet) • cell bodies – central nervous system (ganglia) • Ganglia : collections of nerve cell bodies • Spinal nerves – take impulses to & away from the spinal cord • two major subdivisions of PNS motor pathways: somatic, autonomic.

  23. <CONT> • Two main components of the PNS: • sensory (afferent) pathways that provide input from the body into the CNS.a • motor (efferent) pathways that carry signals to muscles and glands (effectors) • Most sensory input carried in the PNS remains below the level of conscious awareness. Input that does reach the conscious level contributes to perception of our external environment.

  24. Central Nervous System • Made up of spinal cord, brain • SPINAL CORD -Conducts sensory info. From PNS (both somatic & autonomic) to the brain conducts motor info. (from brain to various effectors) -Skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands -Serves as minor reflex center

  25. CNS (cont) • BRAIN -Receives sensory input from spinal cord & nerves -<Ex> olfactory & optic nerves devotes most of its volume and computational power to processing its various sensory inputs and initiating appropriate – and cooridinated – motor outputs

  26. Sympathetic • Autonomatic (can’t be controlled by mind) • Allows body to function under stress • Fight/flight

  27. Parasympathetic • Autonomatic (can’t be controlled by mind) • Controls vegetative functions -Feed/ breed/ rest, and repose • Constant opposition to sympathetic system

  28. Skeletal System • Bones provide calcium that is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system. • skull protects brain • sensory receptors in joints between bones send signals about body position to brain • brain regulates position of bones by controlling muscles • vertebrae protect spinal cord

  29. Muscular System • Receptors in muscles provide the brain with information about body position and movement. • brain controls contraction of skeletal muscle. • nervous system regulates heart rate and speed at (food moves through the digestive tract.)

  30. Endocrine System • Hormones provide feedback to the brain to affect neural processing. • Reproductive hormones affect the development of the nervous system. • The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland and other endocrine glands.

  31. Reproductive System • Reproductive hormones affect brain development and sexual behavior. • The brain controls mating behavior.

  32. Urinary System • The bladder sends sensory information to the brain. • The brain controls urination.

  33. Injuries • Concussions -Bruiselike injury of brain • Spinal Cord Injuries -Axons damaged, impulses can’t pass through them

  34. Brain • Cerebrum, cerebellum, brain system • Forebrain • Largest, most complex part • Midbrain • master coordinator for all the messages going in and out of the brain to the spinal cord • Hindbrain • responsible for balance, movement, and coordination

  35. Sight • Light enter eye forms an upside-down image on the retina • transforms the light into nerve signals for the brain • Brain turns the image right-side up and tells us what we are seeing.

  36. Hearing • Waves enter causing eardrums to vibrate • then transferred along tiny bones of the middle ear & converted into nerve signals • Cortex : processes these signals, telling us what we are hearing.

  37. Taste • Taste Buds -Small group of sensory cell in tongue -react to chemicals in foods • sweet, sour, salty, bitter. • Messages sent from taste buds to areas in the cortex responsible for processing taste.

  38. Smell • Olfactory cells in the mucous membranes lining each nostril react to chemicals we breathe in & send messages along specific nerves to the brain • distinguish between more than 10,000 different smells • smells are very closely linked to our memories.

  39. Touch • The skin contains +4 million sensory receptors — mostly concentrated in the fingers, tongue, and lips -gather information related to touch, pressure, temperature, and pain -Then send it to the brain for processing & reaction.

  40. Bibliography • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury • http://www.massagetoday.com/mpacms/mt/article.php?id=13725 • “Fifth edition in modules”- David College, 10th grade psychology textbook. • www.cgkp.org.uk/resources/pdf/stem_cell_paper2.pdf • http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/well-being/

  41. Cont. • http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/body_basics/brain_nervous_system.html • http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/organ.html • http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookNERV.html#Peripheral%20Nervous%20System • http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/introb.html • http://yucky.discovery.com/flash/body/pg000136.html

  42. Cont. • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brain • http://kidshealth.org/kid/htbw/brain.html • http://www.innerbody.com/image/nerv08.html • http://library.thinkquest.org/5777/ner1.htm • http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit5_1_nerve_functions.html

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