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The late Ottoman period. Week 3 – Part 1. The Late Ottoman Period – Brief Time Line. Political Implications of the French Revolution. Democratic nationalism spread throughout Europe and steadily undermined monarchical government and its concept of divine right.
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ThelateOttomanperiod Week3 – Part 1
PoliticalImplications of the French Revolution • Democratic nationalism spread throughout Europe and steadily undermined monarchical government and its concept of divine right. • Nationalism and popular sovereignty were also undermined the basis of multiethnic/colonial empires (i.e.Ottoman, Austria-Hungary, Russia, British,etc.)
Westernization of the International System • Thedomination & shaping of theinternationalsystembythe West. • Thegrowth of Europeanpowers (Britain,France, etc.) tothrustoutwardandthetakecontrol of Americaandsomeparts of Asia/Africa/Middle East. • Theprocessaccelerated in the 19th cent, mainlyduetoindustrialrevolution.
TheGrowth of theMultipolarSystem • FromtheTreaty of Wesphalia (1648) throughthe mid-20th cent., multipolarsystemgovernedpoliticalrelationsamongtheglobally dominant majorEuropeanpowers. • Themultipolarsystem as markedbyshiftingalliancesdesignedtopreservethebalance of power.
The national boundaries within Europe as set by the Congress of Vienna, 1815
TheEvolving World System • The pace of world political evolution began to speed up even more by the beginning of the 1900s. • Nationalism & Democratic demands increasingly undermined the foundations of 1815 Vienna settlements; the multi-ethnic empires such as the Austo-Hungarian & Ottoman empires. • In the late 19th century, unifiedGermany(1871) and Italy as late-comerstotheage of imperialism
TheCongress of Berlin (1878) A meeting of the leading statesmen of the European Great Powers (including Germany)and the Ottoman Empire, in Berlin in 1878. In the wake of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, the meeting's aim was to reorganize the countries of the Balkans at a time of Pan-Slavism
TheEasternQuestion • This was the problem created by the slow collapse of the ‘Sick Man of Europe’ (Ottoman empire), which seemed likely to leave a power vacuum in the Balkans and lead to a general European war. • Gave rise to national aspirations (especially in Greece and the Balkans), and the goal of the Russians to dominate the Balkans. • The Eastern Question is normally dated to 1774, when the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) ended in defeat for the Ottomans. • Avoidance of conflict became the name of the game as early as the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815): The Concert of Europe (Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, and Russia). • Only once between 1815-1914 did the great powers resort to war over a dispute arising from the Eastern Question. In that case Britain, France, and Russia were the Concert's belligerents in the Crimean War (1854–1856).
TheEasternQuestion-(Cont.) • As the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire was believed to be imminentwiththeWar in 1878 andthe Berlin Congress, the European powers engaged in a power struggle to safeguard their military, strategic and commercial interests in the Ottoman domains. • Imperial Russia stood to benefit from the decline of the Ottoman Empire; on the other hand, Austria-Hungary and the Great Britain– untilthe 1880s at least - deemed the preservation of the Empire to be in their best interests. • As a latecomertotheage of imperialism, therise of Germany anditsWeltpolitik at theexpense of Russiaandthe Great Britain’sinterestsovertheOttomanEmpire. • The Question was put to rest after World War I, one of whose outcomes was the collapse and division of the Ottoman holdings among the victors.
How tosavetheOttomanEmpire ? EvolvingMain Concern: From maintainingwhat’s left or loosing the least possible to prolongthe dynasty.
Ottomanism Advanced by the Young Turks at the end of the 19th century, originallyproclaimed“the equality of all Ottomans,” that is, ofallsubjects of the Ottoman Empire irrespective of their nationality and religion.
Pan-Islamism The intellectual/institutional trends toward Islamic unity that emerged starting in the mid–19thcentury and continuing throughout the 20th cent.The need for a unified Islamic identity was a product of the challenges posed by Western intervention in and domination of Muslim societies during the colonialist period. Usedcultural ideas to achieve nationalist political ends. Unlike the ethnic identities emphasized in European nationalisms, however, pan-Islamism emphasized the religious heritage and symbols that both united all Muslims and set them apart from their Western Christian colonialist.
Pan-Turkism (Turanism) An intellectual and political movement advocating the union of all Turkic peoples. Although some promoters of this ideology went as far as calling for a political union including all Turkic groups, many others envisioned only a cultural unity.
Pan-TurkistleaderpromptingtheOttomanEmpireenteranceintothe WWI.
Mustafa Kemal’snationalism as a territorial,ratherthanracialone.
Maintaning SQ throughgreatpowerbalancing • Balancinggreatestthreat Russian Empirewiththe British Empire. (1776-1880s) • Forcedalliancewiththerising Germany (1880-1914)
The Crimean War Russia lost to an alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. Neither Nicholas [of Russia] nor Napoleon [III of France] nor the British government could retreat in the conflict for prestige once it was launched. Nicholas needed a subservient Turkey for the sake of Russian security; Napoleon needed success for the sake of his domestic position; the British government needed an independent Turkey for the security of the Eastern Mediterranean....Mutual fear, not mutual aggression, caused the Crimean war. (AJP Taylor)
TheCongress of Berlin (1878) A meeting of the leading statesmen of the European Great Powers (including Germany)and the Ottoman Empire, in Berlin in 1878. In the wake of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, the meeting's aim was to reorganize the countries of the Balkans at a time of Pan-Slavism Thetreaty has acceleratedtheprocess of sharingtheOttomanterritory.
Changing British approach on theOttomanEmpire • The Berlin Congress (1878) as the last step of British support to weakOttoman Emp.’s integrity. • ‘WiliamGladstone’ led Liberal Partycametopowerwith a differentagenda. • RapproachmentwithRussia. • Supportfornationalisationmovements of non-MuslimOttomansubjects (i.e. Armenians). • Control overEgypt(1882) andCyprus (1878) • SupportforGreece’sannexation of Crete (1908).
