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4.5 bya

4.5 bya. 3.5. 2.5. 1.5. 500 mya. 550 mya. 535 mya. 1.8 bya. 1.5 bya. 1.3 bya. 1.2 bya. 750 mya. 635 mya. 600 mya. 0.5 cm. 1 cm. 20 m. 20 m. 20 m. (b) Tappania , a 1.5-billion-year-old fossil that may represent an early alga or fungus. (e) Bonneia , a

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4.5 bya

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  1. 4.5 bya 3.5 2.5 1.5 500 mya 550 mya 535 mya 1.8 bya 1.5 bya 1.3 bya 1.2 bya 750 mya 635 mya 600 mya 0.5 cm 1 cm 20 m 20 m 20 m (b) Tappania, a 1.5-billion-year-old fossil that may represent an early alga or fungus (e) Bonneia, a vase-shaped eukaryote (a) A 1.8-billion- year-old fossil eukaryote (f) An early member of the Ediacaran biota (g) Spriggina floundersi, an early animal with many body segments 25 m 25 m (c) Bangiomorpha, an ancient red alga (d) Proterocladus, classified as a green alga

  2. Cytoplasm DNA Ancestral prokaryote Engulfing of aerobic bacterium Plasma membrane Engulfing of photo- synthetic bacterium Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Nuclear envelope Mitochondrion Mito- chondrion Ancestral heterotrophic eukaryote Plastid Ancestral photosynthetic eukaryote

  3. Secondary endo- symbiosis Dinoflagellates Membranes are represented as dark lines in the cell. Red alga Cyano- bacterium Plastid 2 1 3 Primary endo- symbiosis Stramenopiles Secondary endo- symbiosis Plastid Nucleus Heterotrophic eukaryote One of these membranes was lost in red and green algal descendants. Euglenids Secondary endo- symbiosis Green alga Chlorarachniophytes

  4. Pediastrum

  5. Flagellum Cytoplasm Chlamydomonas Outer cell wall Inner cell wall Gonium Pandorina Outer cell wall Cytoplasm Volvox Extracellular matrix (ECM)

  6. Individual choanoflagellate Choano- flagellates OTHER EUKARY- OTES Sponges Animals Collar cell (choanocyte) Other animals

  7. Choano- flagellate Hydra Fruit fly “CCD” domain Mouse

  8. Archaeplastida Excavata 5 m 20 m 50 m Diplomonads Excavata Parabasalids Euglenozoans Diatoms Stramen- opiles Brown algae 50 m Unikonta “SAR” Clade Dinoflagellates “SAR” clade Apicomplexans Alveo- lates Ciliates Forams Rhiza- rians Cercozoans Red algae Chlorophytes Green algae Archaeplastida Charophytes 100 m Land plants Gymnamoebas Amoebo- zoans Slime molds 100 m Nucleariids Unikonta Fungi Opisthokonts Choanoflagellates Animals

  9. Flagella 5 m Undulating membrane The parabasalid parasite, Trichomonas vaginalis (colorized SEM)

  10. Flagella 0.2 m 8 m Crystalline rod (cross section) Ring of microtubules (cross section) Euglenozoan flagellum

  11. 9 m Trypanosoma, the kinetoplastid that causes sleeping sickness

  12. 40 m The diatom Triceratium morlandii (colorized SEM)

  13. Blade Stipe Holdfast

  14. Flagellum Alveoli Alveolate 0.2 m

  15. Flagella 3 m Pfiesteria shumwayae, a dinoflagellate

  16. Contractile vacuole Oral groove Cell mouth Cilia Micronucleus Food vacuoles Macronucleus 50 m

  17. Chromatophore 5 m

  18. Bonnemaisonia hamifera Nori 8 mm Red algae

  19. (a) Ulva, or sea lettuce 2 cm (b) Caulerpa, an intertidal chlorophyte Multicellular chlorophytes

  20. Spores (n) FERTILIZATION Emerging amoeba (n) Zygote (2n) Fruiting bodies (n) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Solitary amoebas (feeding stage) (n) MEIOSIS ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Amoebas (n) Aggregated amoebas 600 m Migrating aggregate 200 m Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n)

  21. Other consumers Herbivorous plankton Carnivorous plankton Prokaryotic producers Protistan producers

  22. Arctic (A) A EP NP NA North Atlantic (NA) NI EA Equatorial Atlantic (EA) South Atlantic (SA) North Indian (NI) South Indian (SI) North Pacific (NP) Equatorial Pacific (EP) South Pacific (SP) SI SA Southern (S) SP S −0.02 −0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 −2.50 −1.25 0.00 1.25 2.50 Chlorophyll change (mg/m2 • yr) Sea-surface temperature (SST) change (C) (a) (b)

  23. 10 m

  24. Inside mosquito Inside human Merozoite Sporozoites (n) Liver Liver cell Apex Oocyst MEIOSIS Red blood cell Merozoite (n) 0.5 m Red blood cells Zygote (2n) FERTILIZATION Gametes Gametocytes (n) Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n)

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