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The different sections of a research paper

The different sections of a research paper. Title (or title page) (perhaps with sub-title). Author(s) e.g: Khamouane Khamphoukeo, Bounneuang Douangboupha, Ken P. Aplin and Grant R. Singleton Institution(s)

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The different sections of a research paper

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  1. The different sections of a research paper

  2. Title (or title page) (perhaps with sub-title) • Author(s) e.g: Khamouane Khamphoukeo, Bounneuang Douangboupha, Ken P. Aplin and Grant R. Singleton • Institution(s) e.g:National Agricultural Research Center, National Agricultural and Forestry Research Institute,Vientiane, Lao PDR • Address e.g: National Agricultural Research Center, PO Box 811, Vientiane. E-mail: philip@yahoo.com

  3. Abstract • Background Information (Key points from Introduction)…Present Tense. • Principal Activity …Past Tense/Present Perfect Tense. • Methodology (Key points from ‘Methods Section’)…Past Tense. • Key points from Results …Past Tense • Conclusions…Present Tense/ tentative verbs/auxiliary verbs. • No more than 250 words

  4. Abstract • It is best to write the Abstract after you have written the Introduction, Materials & Methods,Results and Discussion. It should contain no more than 250 words and be in only one paragraph with no references. • What was studied? (1-2 sentences) • What was the objective? (1-2 sentences from Introduction) • What were the main methods? (1-4 sentences from Introduction/Methods) • What were the main results? (1-4 sentences from Results) • What were the main conclusions? (0-4 sentences from Discussion/Conclusion)

  5. Introduction • What is the situation? • What other work has been done? (by other people) = references • What did we want to show/find out? (why did we do this experiment/research) • What was the general approach? (summarize Materials and Methods in 1-3 sentences)

  6. N.B. about Introduction • Explain the problem. • Statements about aspects of the problem already studied by other people . • State the method used (in brief). • State main results (in brief). • State main conclusions (in brief).

  7. Materials & Methods • How did we do it? (Can be constructed from the Protocol) + any changes, Note : Past Tense, not Future Tense. (Is there enough information for another scientist to be able to repeat the research?)

  8. Results • What happened? • Text + (charts/ graphs/ tables)

  9. Discussion • What do the results show? • Why did it happen? • Examination and explanation of results • Indication that the research has limitations or problems • Suggestions or recommendations for further work/activity

  10. Conclusion • The main point of the ‘Discussion’ (Usually only needed if the Discussion is long and complex)

  11. Acknowledgements • Thank any organization or person who helped significantly in the work. • e.g: Much of reported in this paper was supported by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), through the Lao-IRRI Project.

  12. References • Must include all references cited in the text.

  13. Appendices • Usually for extra background materials, charts, graphs, tables. • (Some authors prefer to put all their charts, graphs and tables in this section. Others do not include this section at all).

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