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Nutrient cycles - Contamination L4

Nutrient cycles - Contamination L4. English in Natural Science 自然科学の英語. Respiration. Respiration. [Consumers] Ingestion. [Decomposers] Putrefaction. Death. Dead matter. Ecosystem processes. Metabolism. [Primary production] Photosynthesis. Photosynthesis. Combustion. Dissolves.

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Nutrient cycles - Contamination L4

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  1. Nutrient cycles - ContaminationL4 English in Natural Science 自然科学の英語 自然科学の英語-ENS-L4

  2. Respiration Respiration [Consumers] Ingestion [Decomposers] Putrefaction Death Dead matter Ecosystem processes Metabolism [Primary production] Photosynthesis 自然科学の英語-ENS-L4

  3. Photosynthesis Combustion Dissolves Respiration Respiration Photosynthesis Organic uptake Runoff Debris Dissolves Precipitation Debris Fossil fuels Metamorphism Carbon cycle CO2 AtmosphereCO2 Terrestrial biota CH2O Water CO3-2 Aquatic Biota CH2O CH2O soil Rocks CO3Ca•Mg Sediments CO3Ca•Mg 自然科学の英語-ENS-L4

  4. Combustion Storms NO3- N fixation Loss N fixation Uptake Runoff Excretion Eutrophication Uptake Debris Fertilizers Nitrogen cycle N2 N2O, NH3 AtmosphereN2O Terrestrial biota Water Aquatic biota microorganisms NOx Soil NH4 Ocean sediments 自然科学の英語-ENS-L4

  5. Detergents Debris Fisheries Uptake Excretion Eutrophication Uptake Runoff Debris Fertilizers Metamorphism Phosphorous cycle Atmosphere Terrestrial biota Water Aquatic biota Soil - rocks Ocean sediments 自然科学の英語-ENS-L4

  6. Acid rain Combustion Acid rain Anaerobic respiration Sea spray Debris Volcanoes Uptake Excretion Uptake Runoff Precipitation Debris Metamorphism Sulphur cycle SH2 AtmosphereSO2SH2 Terrestrial biota SO4-2 Water Aquatic biota SO4-2 Soil - rocks Ocean sediments 自然科学の英語-ENS-L4

  7. Primary productivity • Photosynthesis • Aquatic (algae) 92.4 x 1012 kg/yr 255 t/km2 yr • Terrestrial (plants) 132.1 x 1012 kg/yr 899 t/km2 yr C3: most plants Monocotyledons crop plants: wheat, rye-grass alfalfa, beans trees: Fagaceae, Pinus C4: tropics and arid zones tropical grasses Dicotyledons crop plants: corn, sugar cane sorghum, millet 自然科学の英語-ENS-L4

  8. Pole Equator Primary productivity (x109 tons C) 自然科学の英語-ENS-L4

  9. Able to maintain yield Sustainable production Recyclable Natural resources • Renewable • Biological • Forestry • Agriculture • Crops • Grazing animals • Fisheries • Non-renewable • Metals • Inorganic materials • Fossil fuels (crude oil, coal) Non-recyclable 自然科学の英語-ENS-L4

  10. Biological resources 45% 自然科学の英語-ENS-L4

  11. Human use of natural resources (Vitousek et al., 1997) 自然科学の英語-ENS-L4

  12. A) Land transformation Objective: • Urban expansion  population ~ 6 billion • Agriculture How? • Deforestation • Tropical forest - Amazon, India, South-East Asia • Temperate forest - USA, Europe, China • Coastal mangroves (50%) • Annual rate ~1% • Exponential increase in the last 50 years 自然科学の英語-ENS-L4

  13. Tropical deforestation • Cleared land unsuitable for agriculture • Rainfall loss of soil • topsoil lost  decrease productivity • Big losses of biodiversity Decrease absorption of atmospheric CO2 自然科学の英語-ENS-L4

  14. B1) Exploitation - fisheries Fishing industry • 8% global productivity 35% continental shelf • 3% discarded (non-target species: dolphin, etc) • 22% overexploited (cod, sardine) • 44% limit of exploitation (tuna) Colateral damage • Dredging ocean floor • Algal blooms • Fish kills • Shellfish poisoning 自然科学の英語-ENS-L4

  15. B2) Exploitation - forestry Resources • Timber, lumber • Paper • Rubber • Fruits (nuts) • Medicines Sustainability • Plantations • Adequate management • Selective cutting • NO clearcutting 自然科学の英語-ENS-L4

  16. grain leaves C) Impacts of climate change • Increased productivity (biomass) • 3.2 billion tons/yr CO2 C3 plants more biomass • Warmer atmosphere  C4 plants advantage • Decreased yield in wheat, barley crops • Physiological threshold • Pollination failure  fewer insects X 自然科学の英語-ENS-L4

  17. Desertification D) Global biogeochemistry • Water • Humans use over 50% surface water • 70% used in agriculture (35% global) • 6% evaporation losses • 24% consumption - electricity • 2/3 of river flows regulated (dams, weirs) • Underground water NOT renewable - Saudi Arabia (3/4) • Ecosystem disturbances • Little water reaches the ocean: Colorado, Nile, Ganges • Estuary, coastal ecosystems fisheries losses • Inland seas dry up: Chad (Africa), Aral (Asia) • Biodiversity losses (fish, plants) • Increase of dust, diseases • Useless soil - salination 自然科学の英語-ENS-L4

  18. …other impacts on aquatic ecosystems • Dams • erosion downstream • local climate (temperature, rainfall) • Change of chemistry • Danube river  silica in Black Sea • Water pollution reduced water quality • Agrochemicals (fertilizers, pesticide residues) • Industry: chemical, mining, pharmaceutical, paper, plastics • Urban waste 自然科学の英語-ENS-L4

  19. 200 / yr 210 / yr Global biogeochemistry - Nitrogen • N Fixation (x 109 kg year) • Terrestrial ecosystems 90-130 • Aquatic ecosystems ~100 • Human input • Fertilizers 140 • Biofertilizers (legumes) 40 • Fossil fuel combustion 20 • Consequences • Increase in NO2 (greenhouse gas) and reactive N (NH4, NOx) in atmosphere • Acid rain (NO3-)  damage to crops and forests • Water pollution: eutrophication algal blooms 自然科学の英語-ENS-L4

  20. Verytoxic Birth defects Alzheimer disease Minamata disease cancer • Sulphur • Fossil fuel combustion • Acid rain (SO4-)  damage forest, crops, health • Phosphorous • Fertilizers • Water pollution: eutrophication  algal blooms • Fuel combustion • smog (ozone)  crop damage, health • Heavy metal mobilization - mining, industry • Lead (Pb) • Cadmium (Cd) • Mercury (Hg) • Nickel (Ni) • Chromium (Cr) • Copper (Cu) 自然科学の英語-ENS-L4

  21. Effect of air pollutants on Picea forests (Schulze 1989) 自然科学の英語-ENS-L4

  22. Chemicals in the environment • ‘All chemicals are toxic…it is only the dose which makes a thing a poison’ Paracelsus (1493-1541) • Toxic substance: negative effects at very low doses e.g. below ppm (mg/kg body weight) • Chemical industry in developed countries produces… 100 m tons/yr 70,000 different compounds 1,000 new every year 自然科学の英語-ENS-L4

  23. Chemical pollutants 自然科学の英語-ENS-L4

  24. Waste disposal Air Industry Chemical Mining Biota Water Energy fuels Soil Agrochemicals Environmental pollution Garbage bin 自然科学の英語-ENS-L4

  25. Long-range transport Global distillation effect • Very volatile compoundscondense with latitude • Example: ocean waters (40-60 m deep) • HCH: hexachlorocyclohexane • CHBs: chlorobornanes (toxaphene) • HEPX: heptachlor exo-epoxide • TC, CC: trans-, cis-chlordane • Endo-I and II: endosulfan • TN: trans-, cis-nonachlor 自然科学の英語-ENS-L4 (Jantunen and Bidleman, 1998)

  26. Bioamplification • Multiplication effect through the ecosystems’ food web • Due to cumulative nature of some chemicals: • Persistent, resistant to degradation • Heavy metals, Organochlorines (PCBs, DDT, etc), Dioxins 自然科学の英語-ENS-L4

  27. Mollusks: mussels, clams, oysters Ecology: filter water and particles Sedentary, easy to collect, long life Tolerant toneurotoxic insecticides Accumulation of OC and OP residues Crustaceans: Waterflea Daphnia magna Bioassay for ChE inhibiting insecticides (OP, Carb) Shrimp Thamnocephalus spp. Bioassay for micotoxins and CYN Birds: dipper (Cinclus spp.) Ecology: pristine streams in mountains feed on aquatic larvae Indirect indicators of pollution - food disappearance Aquatic bioindicators 自然科学の英語-ENS-L4

  28. Solutions to pollution • Industry • Reduce outputs: filter traps • recycle or destroy waste (remediation) • Agrochemicals • Reduce inputs: fertilizers + pesticides • New methods of pest control • Bioremediation of residues • Waste • Reduce input = less consumption • Improve disposal • Incinerators (burning) and compost technology • Energy - fossil fuels are NOT sustainable • clean energy sources - solar, wind, geothermal 自然科学の英語-ENS-L4

  29. References • Lange et al. (eds). 1983. Ecosystem processes : mineral cycling, productivity and man's influence / 松戸閲覧室 call 471.5||E • Freedman, W. 1989. Environmental ecology: the impacts of pollution and other stresses on ecosystem structure and function / 園芸-緑地植物学 call 466 • Vitousek et al. 1997. Human domination of Earth’s ecosystems. Science 277: 494-499 自然科学の英語-ENS-L4

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