The Ordeal of Reconstruction, 1865–1877

1. Chapter 22 The Ordeal of Reconstruction, 1865–1877

2. Question All of the following were true of the Freedmen’s Bureau EXCEPT • emancipators were faced with freedmen who were unskilled, unlettered, without property or money, and with scant knowledge of how to survive as free people. • the bureau was intended to be a kind of primitive welfare agency. • it was to provide food, clothing, medical care, and education both to freedmen and to white refugees. • the bureau achieved its greatest successes in land redistribution.

3. Question All of the following are true of the 10 percent Reconstruction plan EXCEPT • Lincoln believed the Southern states had never legally withdrawn from the Union, so their formal restoration would be relatively simple. • in 1863, Lincoln decreed that a state could be reintegrated when 10 percent of its voters took an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipation. • the next step would be formal erection of a state government, followed by recognition of the purified regime. • Lincoln’s proclamation received bipartisan support in Congress.

4. Question All of the following were true of the Wade-Davis Bill EXCEPT • Democrats rammed it through Congress in 1864. • the bill required that 50 percent of a state’s voters take the oath of allegiance and demanded stronger safeguards for emancipation than Lincoln’s as the price of readmission to the Union. • Lincoln “pocket-vetoed” this bill by refusing to sign it after Congress had adjourned. • outraged Republicans refused to seat Louisiana delegates after it reorganized its government by Lincoln’s 10 percent plan in 1864.

5. Question All of the following were true of the Black Codes EXCEPT • the Black Codes were designed by the federal government to ensure a stable and subservient labor force. • dire penalties were therefore imposed by the codes on blacks who “jumped” their labor contracts, which usually committed them to work for the same employer for one year. • the codes also sought to restore as nearly as possible the pre-emancipation system of race relations. • freedom and some other privileges, such as the right to marry, were legally recognized, but all codes forbade a black to serve on a jury; some even barred blacks from renting or leasing land.

6. Question All of the following nationalist legislation was passed by the Republican Congress EXCEPT the • Pacific Railroad Act. • Black Codes. • Morrill Tariff. • Homestead Act.

7. Question All of the following were true the Civil Rights Bill of 1866 EXCEPT • it conferred on blacks the privilege of American citizenship and struck at the Black Codes. • President Johnson resolutely vetoed this forward-looking measure on constitutional grounds. • it formally designated President Johnson as “Sir Veto” and “Andy Veto.” • in April, congressmen steamrollered it over his veto.

8. Question The Fourteenth Amendment did all of the following EXCEPT • conferred civil rights, including citizenship and including the franchise, on the freedmen. • reduced proportionately the representation of a state in Congress and in the Electoral College if it denied blacks the ballot. • disqualified from federal and state office former Confederates who as federal officeholders had once sworn “to support the Constitution of the United States.” • guaranteed the federal debt, while repudiating all Confederate debts.

9. Question All of the following were true of the Tenure of Office Act EXCEPT • Congress passed it over Johnson’s veto. • the new law required the president to secure the consent of the Senate before he could remove his appointees. • one purpose was to remove from the cabinet the secretary of war, Edwin M. Stanton. • Johnson provided the radicals with a pretext to begin impeachment proceedings when he abruptly dismissed Stanton early in 1868.

10. Question All of the following were true of the Ku Klux Klan EXCEPT • deeply embittered, some Southern whites resorted to savage measures against “radical” rule. • a number of secret organizations mushroomed forth, the most notorious of which was the “Invisible Empire of the South.” • besheeted nightriders, their horses’ hooves muffled, would approach the cabin of an “upstart” black and hammer on the door. • few ex-bondsmen and white “carpetbaggers,” were intimidated into shunning the polls.

11. Question In Ex parte Milligan, the Supreme Court ruled that • military tribunals could not try civilians, even during wartime, in areas where the civil courts were open. • President Lincoln had acted unconstitutionally when he suspended the writ of habeas corpus. • Congress had acted unconstitutionally when it passed the Tenure of Office Act over Johnson’s veto. • the Thirteenth Amendment violated the Constitution by reversing the precedent of Dred Scott v. Sanford.

12. Answer All of the following were true of the Freedmen’s Bureau EXCEPT • emancipators were faced with freedmen who were unskilled, unlettered, without property or money, and with scant knowledge of how to survive as free people. • the bureau was intended to be a kind of primitive welfare agency. • it was to provide food, clothing, medical care, and education both to freedmen and to white refugees. • the bureau achieved its greatest successes in land redistribution. (correct) Hint: See page 518.

13. Answer All of the following are true of the 10 percent Reconstruction plan EXCEPT • Lincoln believed the Southern states had never legally withdrawn from the Union, so their formal restoration would be relatively simple. • in 1863, Lincoln decreed that a state could be reintegrated when 10 percent of its voters took an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipation. • the next step would be formal erection of a state government, followed by recognition of the purified regime. • Lincoln’s proclamation received bipartisan support in Congress. (correct) Hint: See page 519.

14. Answer All of the following were true of the Wade-Davis Bill EXCEPT • Democrats rammed it through Congress in 1864. (correct) • the bill required that 50 percent of a state’s voters take the oath of allegiance and demanded stronger safeguards for emancipation than Lincoln’s as the price of readmission to the Union. • Lincoln “pocket-vetoed” this bill by refusing to sign it after Congress had adjourned. • outraged Republicans refused to seat Louisiana delegates after it reorganized its government by Lincoln’s 10 percent plan in 1864. Hint: See pages 519–520.

15. Answer All of the following were true of the Black Codes EXCEPT • the Black Codes were designed by the federal government to ensure a stable and subservient labor force. (correct) • dire penalties were therefore imposed by the codes on blacks who “jumped” their labor contracts, which usually committed them to work for the same employer for one year. • the codes also sought to restore as nearly as possible the pre-emancipation system of race relations. • freedom and some other privileges, such as the right to marry, were legally recognized, but all codes forbade a black to serve on a jury; some even barred blacks from renting or leasing land. Hint: See page 521.

16. Answer All of the following nationalist legislation was passed by the Republican Congress EXCEPT the • Pacific Railroad Act. • Black Codes. (correct) • Morrill Tariff. • Homestead Act. Hint: See page 522.

17. Answer All of the following were true the Civil Rights Bill of 1866 EXCEPT • it conferred on blacks the privilege of American citizenship and struck at the Black Codes. • President Johnson resolutely vetoed this forward-looking measure on constitutional grounds. • it formally designated President Johnson as “Sir Veto” and “Andy Veto.” (correct) • in April, congressmen steamrollered it over his veto. Hint: See page 522.

18. Answer The Fourteenth Amendment did all of the following EXCEPT • conferred civil rights, including citizenship and including the franchise, on the freedmen. (correct) • reduced proportionately the representation of a state in Congress and in the Electoral College if it denied blacks the ballot. • disqualified from federal and state office former Confederates who as federal officeholders had once sworn “to support the Constitution of the United States.” • guaranteed the federal debt, while repudiating all Confederate debts. Hint: See page 523.

19. Answer All of the following were true of the Tenure of Office Act EXCEPT • Congress passed it over Johnson’s veto. • the new law required the president to secure the consent of the Senate before he could remove his appointees. • one purpose was to remove from the cabinet the secretary of war, Edwin M. Stanton. (correct) • Johnson provided the radicals with a pretext to begin impeachment proceedings when he abruptly dismissed Stanton early in 1868. Hint: See page 531.

20. Answer All of the following were true of the Ku Klux Klan EXCEPT • deeply embittered, some Southern whites resorted to savage measures against “radical” rule. • a number of secret organizations mushroomed forth, the most notorious of which was the “Invisible Empire of the South.” • besheeted nightriders, their horses’ hooves muffled, would approach the cabin of an “upstart” black and hammer on the door. • few ex-bondsmen and white “carpetbaggers,” were intimidated into shunning the polls. (correct) Hint: See page 529.

21. Answer In Ex parte Milligan, the Supreme Court ruled that • military tribunals could not try civilians, even during wartime, in areas where the civil courts were open. (correct) • President Lincoln had acted unconstitutionally when he suspended the writ of habeas corpus. • Congress had acted unconstitutionally when it passed the Tenure of Office Act over Johnson’s veto. • the Thirteenth Amendment violated the Constitution by reversing the precedent of Dred Scott v. Sanford. Hint: See page 526.