Ancient Civilizations

1. Ancient Civilizations

2. What is a Civilization? • The mystery of being human….survival, intelligence, leaders, competition, emotions, greed • When did it all begin…putting the pieces together • Archaeologists: “Diggers”: scientists who study past human life: putting pieces together for the whole story • Artifacts: items from the past such as tools, pottery, bones, arrowheads, shelters. Fossils • Anthropologist: “the man”: scientists who study past human life, concentrating on the human himself • Historians: people who study the past, use of primary and secondary sources.

3. Primary and Secondary Sources • Primary Source: first hand information, “I was there”, witnessed the information: current newspapers/magazines, pictures/drawings, diaries, journals, document, map, autobiography • personal correspondence and diaries • works of art and literature • speeches and oral histories • audio and video recordings • photographs and posters • newspaper ads and stories • laws and legislative hearings • census or demographic records • plant and animal specimens • coins and tools

4. More Primary and Secondary Sources • Secondary Source: information that comes from research, “after the fact”…passing information on • Research papers, biographies, reports…history books, historical magazines,

5. Primary and Secondary Sources: Video

6. Primary and Secondary Sources: Video

7. How long ago? • Use of scientific method: a procedure based on logic and reason…conducted in an orderly manner…looking to find answers • 1 method: radiocarbon dating: study the amount of carbon in an item/artifact • 2. deoxyribonucleic acid: DNA, genetic make-up of humans

8. The Dig… • 1. Let’s look here….a new site • 2. create a site grid: the method of dividing the site into sections…easier to keep track of what was found where…level of the find • 3. The higher the level find the most recent the item • 4. The tools: shovels, trowels, wooden picks, brushes, sifters….(delicate) • 5. Every item is a piece of information • 6. Environmental information: study soil, plant remains

9. Early Man • It is all a theory: an idea of how something may have happened…need to find clues to prove a theory • Early human being: Homo sapiens: lived in central east Africa: 100,000 to 200,000 years ago: similar appearance to modern man • Movement: modern man moved, migrated, to other parts of Africa, into Africa… • Impact of movement?????? • Other early human beings: Homo erectus and Neanderthals: moved throughout Africa and Asia • Beringia: area where Asia and North America met…Homo Sapiens move throughout North and South America

10. Just Roaming • 1. Early man did not live in organized communities • 2. They were hunters and gatherers…wanderers • 3. Survival was most important…looking for food • 4. Man uses intelligence to survive…began to settle • 5. Plants seeds, grow crops, tame animals, build shelters • 6. Development of laws…government • BEGINNING OF A CIVILIZATION!

11. What makes a Civilization? • 1. A civilization is an advanced society with agriculture, division of labor, multiple cities, organized religion, science/technology, some form of government, and a written language. • Five Elements of a Civilization • A. People learn how to grow crops and domesticate animals • B. People build permanent homes…settlements, towns, cities • C. People began to develop technology..advanced tools and weapons: wheel, spear, plow • D. People made intellectual achievements…use of the mind: THINKING: PROBLEM SOLVING: writing, calendar • E. People began to create rules/laws. Need for order. Beginning of a government

12. Today’s Civilization • Create a picture of our civilization today including all 5 elements of a civilization. • Be creative 15 points • In color 10 points • Neatness matters 10 points • Show details/examples 25 points • Give a title 10 points • Total Points 70 points

13. Begin by looking, reading, and writing…. • A time line: pp 82: write 5 statements based on the information pp 82—83 • A map pp 84-85: Write 5 statements based on the information on pp 84—85…what is the title of this map? • Let’s read: “Gilgamesh the King”…Response Corner #2

14. The Land Between Two Rivers • Importance of Major River Systems • River systems formed valleys • Importance of water—uses • River valleys location of permanent settlements

15. River Valley…. • 4 major river systems….earliest civilizations • Tigris-Euphrates: southwestern Asia • Nile River: Africa • Indus river: southern Asia • Huang He: eastern Asia

16. Pictures

17. The Tigris and Euphrates • Civilization: Sumer: located in fertile crescent of Tigris and Euphrates River valley • Very fertile land • Smaller rivers flow into the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: tributaries • Tigris meets Euphrates: flow into Persian Gulf • Land between Tigris and Euphrates: Mesopotamia: “land between the rivers” • Sumer became first civilization in Mesopotamia

18. Need for Irrigation • Flooding: saint and demon…fertile soil but floods could destroy • Northern Mesopotamia: enough rainfall • Not true of Southern Mesopotamia…hot sun…baked soil • Learned to make use of the river…irrigation…water the crops..store water • Building of dikes to protect from floods • Dams: to control the flow of river water • Allowed for farming to become a way of life

19. First Settlement in Sumer • First known settlement in southern Mesopotamia: Ubaid: 5000 BC • Grew enough crops to survive • Use of stone hoes and clay sickles • Wheat and barley • Lived close to fields in huts of reeds and mud • Worshiped gods in one-room temples

20. Changes in Ubaid Culture • More advanced irrigation • Surplus crops • Need for rules and regulations…need for leaders…government • Larger homes…larger temples • Painted pottery • Ubaid culture: foundation for civilization in Mesopotamia

21. Reading a Land/Product • Pp 100—101: Read • Practice the skill: 1--5

22. Independent Sumerian City-States • The Emergence of Cities • Sumerian cities: Ur, Kish, Uruk, Eridu: grew to be powerful..cities of culture and achievement • By 3000 BC: 12 cities had developed into citi-states • Characteristics of citi-states • independent • Walled city • Land around city • Own government • Populations of over 5,000..eventually over 60,000 • Individual citi-states became part of the civilization • Common language, writing, arts, and crafts among the entire civilization

23. Government and Religion • Government: made up of small group of leaders and a chief leader • Made laws, settled disputes, decided what work had to be done, waged war • Need for ONE leader: idea of monarchy, a government ruled by a king or queen • Monarchy passed on by blood-line • King had complete control: autocracy…rule by one • King had power, authority, and legitimacy • Sumerians practiced polytheism: belief in many gods: one god for each natural event or element of life: god of agriculture, god of transportation, god of war • Gods must be kept pleased…worshiped the gods in temples

24. Quiz time • Name two of the four major river systems in the world. • What name was given to the civilization between the Tigris and Euphrates River? • What does Mesopotamia mean? • What technology did the people of southern Mesopotamia use to deal with drought in their area and allow them to grow crops? • What name was given the first settlement in southern Mesopotamia? • Name one of first cities founded in the Sumerian civilization.. • Name the type of government is which there is one leader, usually a king or queen. • What term is used to refer to the practice/belief in many gods.

25. MesopotamianAchievement • Agricultural Techniques: innovations: new ways of doing tasks, problem solving: creative: innovative • Example: irrigation • From clay…copper….bronze • Each new way: innovation: life improved, more productive, benefits • Passing on information: almanacs…giving advice: planting, irrigation, crops

26. Measurements • Land critical element of Sumerian life • How much do we have????...need for measurement • iku or ikum: the field: an iku equaled 37,600 square feet • From iku to acre: one acre equals 43,560 square feet • Measurement for weight/volume: quart • Sumerian numbers based on 60….our number system developed FROM the Sumerian number system ( hours, minutes, seconds) • Sumerian calendar: 360 day

27. Buildings • Use what you have…few trees in southern Mesopotamia but plenty of MUD..make bricks out of mud • Building of houses: flat-roofed, built close together, facing an open court, thick walls: cool in summer, warm in winter • Higher your rank…higher your house, more detail • Ziggurat: temple, highest and tallest building, as wealth and power grew so did ziggurat • Top of each ziggurat a shrine for city’s god • Other buildings built around the ziggurat..center of activity

28. Transportation • Wheels: Sumerians attached wheels to carts: two-wheeled/four wheeled • Chariots pulled by donkeys or oxen • Use of caravans • Boat transportation: built like basket made from reeds and covered by animal skins: mast and sail in center; first sailboat • Also canoes

29. Writing and Literature • Sumerians: first written records: clay tablet in Kish 3500 BC: picture symbols that recorded trade • Clay tablets found at Uruk: writing system: cuneiform: wedge shaped symbols: over 700 symbols • Scribes: those people who knew how to write; recorded history: very important

30. Your turn • Make an alphabet in cuneiform and then write three words using your alphabet. Symbols in color.

31. Quiz Time • Give one example of an innovation of the Sumerians. • What name is given to the writing of the Sumerians that provided information regarding ways to plant, irrigate land, and care for crops? • What was an iku? • Sumerian number system was based on what number? • What resource did Sumerians have plenty of to build their building? • What name was given to the largest and tallest building in every city-state? • Name one of the “firsts” of the Sumerians in regards to transportation., • The writing system of the Sumerians was based on what wedge shaped symbols? • What name was given to the people who recorded information for people?

32. Daily Life in Sumer • Sumerian cities: center of trade, religion, government • Key to Sumer: agriculture: meat, fish, grain: surplus: trade: money: power • Government and Law: more important/closer to ziggurat • Role of government: trade, settle disputes, collect taxes, oversaw temples and monuments • Rights given to people, except in time of war • Property rights/land and animals taken • More taxes to support a war

33. More daily life… • Urukagina: ruler of Lagash: laws to prevent government leaders or wealthy from taking advantage of poor • Ur-Nammu: leader of Ur…laws written down: if you do…then this will happen • 7 laws carved on monument: written government…oldest know record of ancient law

34. Life goes on… • Specialization of labor: skills and information to do ONE job WELL • Traded services with each other…I give you..you give me • Occupations: priests, government officials, scribes, craftsmen, merchants, farmers, fishermen • Government officials: building projects, distribution of food, schools, taxes • Scribes: records, wrote letters, stories, songs • Craftsmen: jewelers: lapis lazuli, carpenters: ships • Weavers, potters, stonemasons, bricklayers

35. Trade • Merchants: buying and selling • Sumerians: wheat, barley, metal tools for wood salt, precious stones, copper and tin

36. Pleasing the Gods • Mother nature: storms, insects…impact on life • Sumerians worshipped gods: deities…gods who controlled nature • Offered gifts to please the gods • Worshipped thousands of gods • Most important: air god, Enlil…water god, Enki, also god of wisdom

37. Social Structure of Sumer • Social classes: a division of the people based on power and wealth • Highest rank: king, nobles, priests, military leaders • Middle class: merchants, scribes, craft workers, farmers • Could move up the “social ladder”: work and effort • Lowest rank: slaves: debtors • Sumerian women: more rights than most civilization: could own property, divorce, could be priestesses, or scribes

38. A Reading Quiz • Name one of the responsibilities of the government in the city-states. • Why did government officials sometimes take away people’s right to property and also tax the people? • Name the leader of Ur who had his 7 laws carved into a monument for all to see. • What is meant by specialization in a job? • Name one of the most important god of the Sumerians. • Who was at the top of the Sumerian social structure? Who was at the bottom?

39. The First Empires • Akkadian Empire • Sumerian city-states: wealth: war • Sumerians defeated by Sargon and his army • Sargon: defeated…defeated…defeated…across all of Mesopotamia…building an empire • Capital city of empire: Akkad/Akkadian Empire • Sargon became emperor, ruled by military rule, kept a standing army • Governors appointed to control conquered cities, paid tribute to Sargon • Empire stretched from what is now Iran to the Mediterranean Sea • Empire will fall

40. Hammurabi and the Babylonian Empire • 1790—1750 BC: Hammurabi, king of Babylon….united most of Mesopotamia • Became the Babylonian empire • Encouraged trade, agriculture, irrigation • Instituted a fair tax system • Code of Hammurabi: one collection of laws for all of Babylonian Empire (national laws) • Consisted of 282 laws: family relations, taxes, land and business deals, trade, loans, debts, crimes…”so that the strong should not harm the weak.” • “eye for an eye” • Babylonian Empire falls around 1600 BC

41. Hammurabi and His Code • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oDALXORbtR4

42. Kassite and Assyrian Rule • 1600’s BC: Hittites captured and looted Babylon • Next came the Kassites…ruled for more than 500 years…adopted Babylonian way of life • Next: Assyrian Empire: wanted to control trade routes…new weapons to defeat: battering ram, lance • By 700 BC: Assyrian largest empire in world..all of Mesopotamia, present-day Turkey, Egypt, Persian Gulf area • Developed paved roads…postal system: united empire…locks that opened with keys, magnifying glass, first libraries • Assyrian Empire falls in 600 BC…New Babylonian Empire…ruler Nebuchadnezar: Hanging Gardens of Babylon…one of the Seven Wonders of the World

43. Hanging Gardens

44. Another Picture

45. Skill Time: Map Reading • Using the map on page 123 answer the following questions: • A. What is the title of the map • B. Name 4 bodies of water found on the map • C Name 5 cities found on the map • D. What information is found in the key?

46. Last quiz • Who was the leader of the army that would conquer the Sumerians? • What was the capital city of the Akkadian Empire that was also the most splendid city in Mesopotamia? • What term is used to describe a permanent army of paid soldiers? • What term is used to describe a required payment from one ruler to a more powerful ruler? • Name the ruler of the Babylonian Empire. • What name is given to the 282 laws that covered family relationships, taxes, land and business deals, trade, loans, debts, wages, and crime. • Name the empire that introduced the battering ram and a lance. • Give one example of Assyrian innovation. • Name the rularof the New Babylonian Empire that is credited with the building of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.

47. A Review • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ki8S5I83Ccc

48. Mesopotamia Rap • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=84y2q4giihY