9/6/2011

1. 9/6/2011 • When discussing Anatomy & Physiology, it is important to “start small and work your way up”. Molecular and Cellular levels are first, what do you think are the next 3 levels based on that concept?

2. Chapter 6 Anatomy and Physiology

3. Upon completing this chapter, you will be able to: • Define elements of the human body • Understand directional terms and body planes • Identify organs of all body systems • Compare diseases and disorders related to the body systems

4. What is the smallest element in the body? • The CELL! • Varies in size, shape, and function • They need food, water, and oxygen • Basic structures: • Cell membrane- outer covering, holds substance inside and maintains shape • Nucleus- central portion of each cell. Directs cell’s activities and contains chromosomes (bearers of genes) which are made up of DNA • Genes carry inherited traits (eye/hair color, height, diseases and gender) • All cells have a nucleus except red blood cells (RBC)= enucleated • Cytoplasm surrounds nucleus and performs work (reproduction and movement)

5. Cell Types • All cell types are different • Their shape / function change to fit specific needs • Nerve Cells: have long, thin extensions that transmit nerve impulses over a distance • Epithelial Cells: thin, flat, and tightly packed to form protective layer over underlying cells • Muscle Cells: slender rods that attach at the ends of structures that they move

6. Tissues • (Groups of cells that work together to perform the same task) • There are 4 types • Connective Tissue: holds body parts together and connects them such as bones, ligaments, tendons • Epithelial Tissue: covers internal and external body surfaces (skin, linings of internal organs) • Muscle Tissue: expands and contracts to allow for bodily movement • Nervous Tissue: carries messages from all parts of the body to and from the brain and spinal cord

9. 9/7/11 • What does anatomy and physiology mean to you? What do you think you will gain from this chapter?

10. Organs • Groups of tissue that work together to perform a specific function • Ex: Kidneys, which maintain water and salt balance in the blood • Ex: Stomach, which breaks down food into substances that the circulatory system can transport throughout the body as nourishment for its cells

11. Systems • Groups of organs working together to perform one of the body’s major functions • Systems have separate/distinct functions but rely on one another to perform their tasks • Respiratory: consists of lungs & airways. • Performs respiration, process which supplies the body with a constant supply of oxygen • Cardiovascular: consists of heart & blood vessels • Pumps and transports blood throughout the body

12. Systems Cont… • Skeletal: consists of bones. • supports & protects the body and is the body’s framework. Without bones, we would be a shapeless mass • Muscular: consists of muscles and cartilage • Provides bodily movement • Nervous: consists of brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves • Regulates most body activities and sends/receives messages from sensory organs

13. Systems Cont… • Endocrine: consists of the glands • Secretes hormones for the regulation of many of the body’s activities • Sensory: consists of the eyes, ears, and parts of other systems • Related to the 5 senses • Digestive: consists of all organs of digestion, absorption, and elimination of waste • Necessary for normal intake of food/water

14. Systems Cont… • Urinary: consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra • Eliminates metabolic waste, helps to maintain acid-base and water-salt balance, helps regulate blood pressure • Integumentary: consists of skin, and accessory structures which are hair, nails, sweat glands, & oil glands • Skin is largest organ and serves to cover and protect our body

15. Systems Cont… • Lymphatic and immune: consist of the lymph, glands of the lymphatic system, lymphatic vessels, and nonspecific and specific defenses of the immune system • Help protect the body from infection and disease • Reproductive: female consists of the ovaries, vagina, fallopian tubes, uterus, and mammary glands/breasts. Male consists of testes, penis, prostate gland, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles • Controls reproduction and heredity

16. September 8, 2011 • What is more important? That a health care professional that works with children be knowledgeable about anatomy and physiology or one who works with adults? Why?

17. Agenda • 6 Senses Article • Body Systems Review • Body Systems Activity • Body Systems Video

18. Q.O.D. - 9/9/11 • Without using your notes/textbook…name at least one fact about “your body system”(the one you researched yesterday). • Don’t just say “bones are in the skeletal system”. • http://www.usmagazine.com/stylebeauty/news/model-agency-ali-lohan-has-not-had-any-surgery-201189

19. Body Systems Group Work • Museum Activity

20. Video! • http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=FACE688E-E1F3-4156-9865-55837EF38042&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

21. 9/12/2011 • How does anatomy relate to the profession you think you may be interested in? How will it help you?

22. Body Cavities • There are 2 main cavities • Dorsal Cavity: on the back side of the body. • Is divided into the cranial cavity which holds the brain and the spinal cavity which holds the spinal cord • Ventral Cavity: on front side of body • Is separated into 2 parts by a muscle called the diaphragm. • Above diaphragm is the thoracic cavity which holds heart, lungs, major blood vessels • Below diaphragm is the abdominal cavity which holds the organs of the digestive and urinary systems • Bottom portion of abdominal cavity is pelvic cavity which holds the reproductive system

25. Directional Terms • Deep: through the surface (deep cut) • Superficial: on or near the surface (scratch) • Proximal: near point of attachment to trunk (proximal end of thighbone joins hipbone) • Distal: away from the point of attachment to the trunk (distal end of thighbone joins the knee bone) • Supine: lying on one’s spine facing upward • Prone: lying on one’s stomach facing downward

26. Planes of the body • 3 imaginary planes divide the body and cut through the body in different sections • Sagittal plane: divides the body into 2 parts, right and left (equally: the midsagittal plane) • Frontal or coronal plane: divides the body into anterior and posterior • Transverse plane: divides body horizontally into a top, or superior part, and a bottom, or inferior part. Transverse Plane

27. Regions of the Abdominal Cavity • Large cavity divided into 9 regions to describe the location of organs, injuries, or pain • Epigastric Region: The area above the stomach • Hypochondriac Regions (left/right): 2 regions just below ribs, immediately over the abdomen • Umbilical Region: region surrounding the umbilicus (navel)

28. Regions of the Abdominal Cavity Cont….. Pg. 177 • Lumbar regions (left/right): 2 regions near the waist • Hypogastric Region: area just below the umbilical region • Iliac, or inguinal regions (left/right): 2 regions near the upper portion of the hipbone

29. It gets EASIER! • There is a simpler way using 4 quadrants • Right upper quadrant (RUQ): On right anterior side, contains part of liver, the gallbladder, and parts of the pancreas and intestinal tract • Right lower quadrant (RLQ): On right anterior side, contains appendix, parts of intestines, reproductive organs in female, and urinary tract

30. The last 2 quadrants….. • Left upper quadrant (LUQ): On left anterior side, contains stomach, spleen, parts of liver, pancreas, and intestines • Left lower quadrant (LLQ): On left anterior side, contains parts of intestines, reproductive organs in female, and urinary tract

31. 9/14/2011 • If you had to live the remainder of your life without 2 body systems, what would they be and why?

32. What is vital for life? • Our cells need oxygen to live, respiratory system supplies oxygen, cardiovascular system carries the oxygen through the blood to cells • Always check for open airway/breathing when treating anyone (esp. emergency) • Next check for circulation (i.e. cardiovascular system) • Respiratory and cardiovascular systems are VITAL FOR LIFE!! (most responsible for keeping us alive!)

33. Respiratory System • Consist of: • Lungs- main organ of system • Provides oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide • Outside of lungs is a moist, double layer of membrane called the “pleura”/ “pleurae” • Outer layer of membrane: Parietal pleura • Inner layer of membrane: Visceral pleura • Both layers make lung movement easier by protecting lungs and providing moisture • Space between the 2 pleura: pleural cavity

34. Respiratory cont….. • Right lung (larger lung) has 3 lobes • Left lung has 2 lobes • We can live without one or more lobes (even without an entire lung) • Respiratory Tract: system of passageways through which air moves in and out of the lungs • Muscles: that move air in/out of lungs • The system performs 2 major tasks: • External respiration (breathing) air exchange between body and outside environment • Internal respiration: bringing oxygen to cells /removing carbon dioxide from cells

35. External Respiration • Inspiration, or inhalation, brings air into the mouth or nose. • Nose is divided into 2 nasal cavities by a piece of cartilage (nasal septum) • Air passes through cavities and sinuses, gets warmed by blood in mucous membranes. • Small hairs (cilia) filter out foreign bodies

36. Ex. Resp (The Throat) • Air reaches the throat, or pharynx, a passageway for both air and food that is divided into 3 sections • 1. Nasopharynx: lies above soft palate which is a flexible muscular sheet that separates nasopharynx from rest of pharynx • Contains pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) which aid in body’s immune defense

37. Ex. Resp (The Throat) • 2. Oropharynx, back portion of mouth, contains the palatine tonsils • Made up of lymphatic tissue (immune system) • Part of mechanism that triggers swallowing • 3. Laryngopharynx, bottom section of pharynx • Point where respiratory tract divides into the esophagus and larynx.

38. External Respiration cont…. • Esophagus • - passageway for food (digestive system) • - Epiglottis (movable flap of cartilage covering larynx opening, glottis) prevents food from going into the larynx • Aspiration: swallowing & inhaling simultaneously pulling food into larynx • Could cause choking and need Heimlich • Larynx (voice box)

39. External Respiration cont… • Larynx, or voice box, is place from which air passes to the trachea or windpipe. • Air goes into larynx to form sounds of speech and singing • Contains vocal chords (size/thickness determine pitch) • Trachea, or windpipe, is a tube that connects larynx to right & left bronchi (both contain cartilage and mucous glands) • Bronchi are passageways through which air enters both lungs (get smaller as they branch out, smallest are bronchioles

40. Q.O.D. -- 9/15/11 • List as many (H.S.L.) activities as you can that require you to use your respiratory system.

41. Today • Video –Respiratory System • Review • List the 3 sections of the throat • The esophagus does…? • The larynx does …? • The epiglottis is used for…?

42. More info…Your questions, answered! • Brain Freeze! • Snoring • Sinusitus • Tonsils • Tonsil Stones

43. Internal Respiration • Structures inside lungs resemble upside-down trees with smaller branches • At end of bronchiole is a cluster of air sacs, alveoli • Alveoli: one-celled, thin-walled and connect to small blood vessels/capillaries in lungs • Oxygen is exchanged from alveoli into bloodstream via capillaries • Carbon dioxide is sent from capillaries into alveoli • Oxygen then goes to body’s cells

44. Internal Respiration cont • Muscles for breathing: Diaphragm & Intercostal Muscles • Muscular contractions enlarge the volume of the thoracic cavity during inspiration and decrease volume when they relax during expiration • Diaphragm lowers and intercostals pull ribs upward and outward when they contract to enlarge thoracic cavity

45. Diseases/disorders of respiratory system • Respiratory system is site of many inflammations, disorders, and infections • Bronchitis, Asthma, Emphysema, Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) • Hemoptysis (coughing up blood), Lung Cancer, Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), Epistaxis (nosebleeds), Pneumonia • Tuberculosis, Anthracosis (black lung), Pleurisy, Influenza, and many breathing disorders

46. Cardiovascular System • Responsible for circulation of blood • Heart: average adult’s is size of fist and lies in thoracic cavity between lungs (2/3 lies on left side) • Pericardium: is a protective sac covering heart and has 2 layers (visceral/inner layer and parietal/outer portion) • Heart has 3 layers of tissue. Outer most is epicardium, middle layer is myocardium, inner layer is endocardium which forms lining for chambers and valves of heart

47. Cardiovascular System cont • Parts of the heart – right and left sides, each side has 2 chambers (upper chambers are atriums, lower chambers are ventricles) • R & L sides are separated by a partition called a septum

48. Cardiovascular System cont • Blood Flow: flows in only one direction through the chambers of the heart with flow regulated by valves • Arteries carry blood away from heart and veins carry blood toward the heart • Valves of Heart: control blood flow, left valve between chambers is the bicuspid, right valve is tricuspid • Cardiac Conduction System: contained in conductive tissue and controls the electrical impulses that cause the heart to contract

49. Q.O.D – 9/16/11 • What do you do to keep your heart “healthy”? • http://rivals.yahoo.com/highschool/blog/prep_rally/post/Star-QB-has-to-have-part-of-leg-amputated-follow?urn=highschool-wp5827 • Quiz

50. Heart Rate • Relaxation / Mediation • Target Heart Rate Zone • Importance of Target Heart Rate Zone (Homework)