Classification & Kingdoms December 7, 2013 Nancy Dow Jill Hansen Tammy Stundon

1. Biology Partnership (A Teacher Quality Grant) Classification & Kingdoms December 7, 2013 Nancy Dow Jill Hansen Tammy Stundon

2. Pre-test Q and A board What is a dichotomous key? How is all life grouped? How do you represent the diversity of animals?

3. Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards • SC.912.L.15.6* Discuss distinguishing characteristics of the domains and kingdoms of living organisms. (MODERATE) • SC.912.L.15.4* Describe how and why organisms are hierarchically classified and based on evolutionary relationships. (HIGH) • SC.912.L.15.5 Explain the reasons for changes in how organisms are classified. (HIGH) (Also assessed SC.912.N.1.3, and SC.912.N.1.6.)

4. Item Specs Benchmark Clarifications • Students will classify organisms based on the distinguishing characteristics of the domains and/or kingdoms of living organisms. • Students will identify and/or describe how and/or why organisms are hierarchically classified based on evolutionary relationships. • Students will identify and/or explain the reasons for changes in how organisms are classified. • Students will identify ways in which a scientific claim is evaluated (e.g., through scientific argumentation, critical and logical thinking, and consideration of alternative explanations). • Students will identify examples of scientific inferences are made from observations. Content Limits • Items referring to distinguishing characteristics of living organisms are limited to the domains of Archea, Bacteria, and Eukarya and the kingdoms of Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. • Items will not require specific knowledge of organisms classified in any domain or kingdom; items should describe the characteristics of an organism and assess its classification.

5. Items may refer to prokaryotic, eukaryotic, unicellular and/or multicellular organisms, autotrophs, and/or heterotrophs, but they will not assess the definition of those terms. • Items referring to changes in classification systems should be conceptual and will not require specific knowledge of those changes. • Items may address evolutionary classification, phylogeny, and the use of cladograms, but they may not assess the definition of those terms. • Items assessing a scientific claim are limited to the classification of organisms. Stimulus Attribute Scenarios addressing scientific inferences are limited to classification. Response Attributes Responses in item referring to scientific claims and scientific inferences should be specific to the context of the item instead of generic statements.

6. From 5 Kingdoms to 6 ► One Kingdom was split into 2 – which one? Kingdom Monera – which contained ALL bacteria Why? – We’ll learn why today a little later

7. 6 Kingdom Foldable Match up the ends of your paper as if you doing a hamburger fold…DO NOT FOLD YOUR PAPER! Use your pencil to make a light mark on the inside of your paper. Shutter fold… fold you paper in on both side and let them meet in the middle of your paper Fold each side Using a ruler (share) you will make a tiny mark every 7 ½ cm

8. Draw lines across your shutters where you made your marks at every 7 ½ cm. • On the inside draw a line down the middle of your paper. This will give you an idea on the space you will have for your information. • You will then cut the lines on the shutters, but be sure not to cut the back side of your foldable( this will give you three tabs on each side of your foldable).

9. Kingdom Foldable Topics to include: • Domain • Reproduction • Single/multi celled • Membrane/wall • Obtain/use energy • Examples

10. Simpler version • Use what works for you

11. On each tab, at the top, you will write each kingdom on the tabs shown ARCHAEBACTERIA EUBACTERIA PROTISTA FUNGI PLANTAE ANIMALIA

12. Old Way of Thinking PROKARYOTE EUKARYOTE 1. Size 1. larger (nm) 1. Smaller (µm) 2. linear DNA 2. Shape of DNA 2. Circular DNA 3. membrane bound nucleus 3. Little to no ‘true’ organelles 3. ribosomes 3. Presence of organelles plasma membrane 4. BF & sexual 4. Binary Fission 4. Means of reproduction 5. K: Protists K: Fungi K: Plant K: Animal 5. K: Monera 5. Kingdoms Students need to include topics!

13. New View • 90’s Carol Woese established a significant difference within bacteria to warrant 2 separate kingdoms Eubacteria: peptidoglycan present in cells walls Archaobacteria: no peptidoglycan www.comicvine.com

15. Eubacteria & Archaebacteria(Monera) The two Prokaryote Kingdoms Bacteria have a biomass greater than that of all the plants and animals on earth. They thrive in a variety of habitats including arctic ice, volcanic vents, and the human intestine.

16. Both: • 1st living forms on Earth • Lack a nucleus • Reproduce by binary fission • Singled-celled • Autotrophic (photo and chemosynthesis) and heterotrophic • Lack nuclei, mitochondria and other membrane –bound organelles • live in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats Eubacteria – bacteria in less extreme environments; Streptococcus Archaebacteria - live in extreme environments; boiling water, no oxygen, acid, hydrothermal vents; Cyanobacteria such as Stomatolites

17. The Eukaryotes Ameba Protista Paramecium • Protista means 1st; first with a nucleus (Eukaryotic) • Singled-celled • Autotrophic (photosynthetic) /heterotrophic • Binary fission (asexual) • Sexual but only under stress Fungus • Multicellular • Nucleus (Eukaryotic) • Cell wall made of Chitin • Heterotrophic; excrete digestive enzymes than filaments absorb the nutrients • Asexual and Sexual Reproduction (spores) Filaments magnified

18. The Eukaryotes…. Plants • Multicelluar • Nucleus • Autotrophic (photosynthetic) • Chlorophyll • Cell wall with cellulose • Sexual reproduction with little asexual Animals • Multicellular • Nucleus • Heterotrophic • Trend to only sexual reproduction Platypus

19. Kingdom Manipulative • Use manipulative to give students practice with kingdoms

20. THE ORGANIZATION OF LIFE The science of classification is called taxonomy DOMAIN Clip Bacteria Archaea Eukarya KINGDOM Come up with a mnemonic device to remember the sequence! Report back to us… Protists Plants Fungi Animals Ours: Keep Panama City On Florida’s Good Side PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia ORDER Artiodactyla FAMILY Giraffidae The official scientific name is a combination of the Genus and Species terms. GENUS Giraffa SPECIES Giraffa camelopardalis

21. Biological Classification • Assign a universally accepted name to each organism (Latin) 2. Place organism into groups that have biological meaning • Based on similarities in structures mainly • Many scientist are pushing for a complete DNA grouping; more detailed/precise but a “closest gets more messy before it gets organized affect.”

22. 8th century – Carolus Linnaeus developed a naming system System called binominal nomenclature; printing of the scientific name is the Genus & species. Presentation is important! • Underline or italicized • Only the genus is capitalized. Ex: Acer rubrum These characteristics can be placed into a dichotomous key, a key to help others to identify a species Canis lupus familiaris Genus species subspecies

23. 10 minutes!! Don’t be late for the Dichotmous Key Activity

24. Dichotomous Key 2 formats: • Tree • Sentences Example - Of the class

25. Go out and find 5 tree leaves!

26. The Dichotomous Key to Holiday Giving and Community Service! Dichotomous Key to the Family Faveo 1 a. Can be used as a source of nutrition ------------- Go to 2 b. Cannot be used as a source of nutrition --------- Go to 7 2 a. Made from the seeds of the cocoa tree --------- Go to 3 b. Not made from the seeds of the cocoa tree --------Go to 6 3a. A colonial candy ------------------ Chocolatus nomelticus b. A unicellular candy ----------------------------------- Go to 4

27. Potato Chip Taxonomy Important to review the details of testing the key; easy for some to become confused. • Colored pages may help

28. THE EVOLUTIONARY TREE OF LIFE EUKARYA BACTERIA ARCHAEA Protists Plants Fungi Animals Each tip branches out further to represent all species on earth today. Common ancestor of all life on earth  Animals An evolutionary tree with a branch for each of the millions of species on earth would be incredibly complex.

29. HOW TO READ AN EVOLUTIONARY TREE Fish Bird Human Rat Mouse Common ancestor of mice and rats Time Common ancestor of mice, rats, and humans Common ancestor of mice, rats, humans, and birds Common ancestor of mice, rats, humans, birds, and fish At this point, a speciation event occurred and the ancestral species split into two species. This shows which groups are closely related, not which ones are more primitive or advanced.

30. Which is more closely related?

31. Various types of evolutionary trees Construct your own! No matter the style of tree, all represent possible evolutionary pathways of certain organisms and relationships.

32. Other Dichotomous Resources

33. http://webworldwonders.firn.edu/cameras/keys/sa/tree.html Ferguson Foundation- interactive lessons

34. Follow up • Q & A • Post Test