SECTION II (Units 6-9)

SECTION II (Units 6-9) TOPIC: ENERGY & THE ENVIRONMENT INTEGRATED GRAMMAR THROUGH TRANSLATION AND ORAL PRACTICE • UNIT 6: GENERATING ELECTRICITY: THE GENERATOR (Prepositions) • UNIT 7: POWER PLANTS (verb tense revision) • UNIT 8: ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES(Conditional) • UNIT 9: POLLUTION & RECYCLING (degree, expressing opinion) EXAM (50p): 23rd MAY or 19th JUNE + Video test (pract sess 9) ESSAY : ELECTRICITY & ENERGY (250 words)DEADLINE= 15th MAY Please, follow the instructions (personales.upv.es/ajaime)

UNIT 6ELECTRICITY Vocabulary • Ways of generating electricity • Magnetism & Electromagnetism • Generators and transformers Grammar • Integrated practice of grammar structures and functions • Revision of connectors • Prepositions

LISTENING: electricity • SOME CHARGED SUBATOMIC PARTICLES • WHEN THEY START MOVING FROM ATOM TO ATOM • OF WHICH ALL MATTER IS COMPOSED. • CONTAINING PROTONS AND NEUTRONS, • AROUND WHICH ELECTRONS ORBIT; • ARE MORE EASILY DRAWN AWAY • CREATE AN ELECTRIC CURRENT • AN ELECTRON IS NEGATIVELY CHARGED • NEUTRONS HAVE NO ELECTRICAL CHARGES • AS THERE ARE AS MANY PROTONS AS ELECTRONS IN ONE ATOM. • DIFFER FROM EACH OTHER DEPENDING ON THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS that they contain. • IN SPITE OF THE FACT THAT THE NUCLEUS IS THE SMALLEST PART OF AN ATOM, • ON THE OTHER HAND, weighs only about 1/1800 (one eighteen hundredth) OF THE WEIGHT OF A PROTON OR NEUTRON • A DIFFERENCE IN POTENTIAL BETWEEN TWO POINTS must be created. • Electric sources SUCH AS BATTERIES, CELLS, GENERATORS, etc • INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY

CONNECTORS • WHEREAS/WHILE • INSTEAD OF • DUE TO THE FACT THAT / SINCE • THUS /THEREFORE • DUE TO • IN SPITE OF / DESPITE • SINCE / DUE TO THE FACT THAT • ALTHOUGH • INSTEAD. • NEVERTHELESS • WHICH • IN WHICH • DUE TO • THUS / INSTEAD OF

TRUE- FALSE • A magnet attracts mainly iron. T • A piece of iron can be magnetised by adding carbon to it. F • In a magnet, the north pole is negatively charged and the south pole is positively charged. F • The north pole of the earth is attracted by the north pole of a magnet. F • The lines of force run from the North pole to the South pole. T • Hans Oersted discovered the relationship between electricity and magnetism by chance. T • In a magnet, the needle points to the geographic North pole. F • Nowadays most electric motors are based on the principle of electromagnetism. T

NOUNS • ADDition • DIRECTion • STRONG/strength • DEVELOPment • ABLE/ability • ATTRACTion • SCIENCE/scientist • GENERATE/or-tion • MAGNETism • REPEL/repulsion • DISCOVERy • TRANSFORMer/ation

ELECTROMAGNETShttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EjfEiEwpuT8 • 1-A piece of metal with two ends: North and South • 2- A permanent magnet • 3- Disadvantages • 4- An electromagnet is the same as a permanent magnet • 5- We get the N & S poles by passing a current through the coil • 6- I get no magnet • 7- Because the electricity creates the magnetism • 8- There is no metal in it • If I put some iron in the center it will make it much stronger (10-20 times stronger) • 9- A soft iron core (soft= easy to magnetize) • 10-I can switch it on and off

PREPOSITIONS • … when brought NEAR a magnet • … attracted BY a magnet are capable OF becoming magnetized • Magnetism … induced IN a magnetic material BY several means • …responsible FOR practically …encountered IN daily life, WITH the exception OF gravity • …takes its form AS a result OF intermolecular forces BETWEEN individual molecules IN matter • Electromagnetism …together INSIDE atoms. This governs the processes involved IN chemistry • …are the cause OF the force associated WITH magnets. • …emanate FROM the north …, pass THROUGH surrounding …. … travel INSIDE the magnet from the south pole TO the north pole • Originally … were thought OF as two separate forces. • … flowing THROUGH a wire …magnetic field AROUND the wire, its direction depending ON that OF the current. • A compass …is north BY pointing TOWARDS that direction • While preparing FOR an evening lecture ON 21 April 1820, H. Oersted …deflected FROM magnetic northwhen … current

PREPOSITIONS Let´s have a look AT one of Faraday´s experiments, IN which he used a copper wheel and a horseshoe magnet. The wheel was located BETWEEN the poles OF the magnet. Electrical contacts were applied TO the wheel, both AT the centre and AT/ON the edge of it. These parts were connected TO an ammeter BY means of wires IN order to detect the electrical current. Whenever the wheel rotated BETWEEN the ends of the magnet, an electrical current was shown ON / IN the ammeter´s display. When the wheel was made to turn IN / TO the opposite direction, the needle OF / IN the ammeter was deflected IN / TO the opposite direction, too. Therefore, according TO this experiment, the direction of the current depended ON the turning of the wheel placed close TO a magnetic field.

TRANSLATION • Some SCIENTISTS (WHO WERE) WORKING ON ELECTROMAGNETISM • could BE STRENGTHENED BY SENDING A CURRENT THROUGH A COIL • A GREATER/HIGHER NUMBER OF TURNS IN THE COIL • AS IT ALSO DOES • AROUND • SINCE/AS THE IRON BECOMES MAGNETIZED • DISCOVERY that A MAGNETIC FIELD COULD BE CREATED BY AN ELECTRIC CURRENT • AN EMF (ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE) IS CREATED • THIS MAKES/CAUSES A CURRENT OF ELECTRONS Ø/TO FLOW THROUGH THE WIRE • GENERATING • LINES OF FORCE • THE FASTER THE WIRE IS MADE TO TURN, THE GREATER

TRANSLATION • BETWEEN ITS • AS THE ROTOR TURNS • CUT THE LINES OF FORCE • IS DRIVEN BY A TURBINE • BY BURNING COAL OR OIL • ARE ALSO BASED ON ELECTROMAGNETISM, • They consist OF two COILS of wire WOUND • An ALTERNATING CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE PRIMARY • MORE TURNS THAN THE SECONDARY • INCREASES/GOES UP/RISES.

LISTENING • THERMAL, LUMINOUS, CHEMICAL, MAGNETIC • IT MAY HEAT THE CONDUCTOR • ELECTRIC MOTORS AND GENERATORS • NO. EG. DOMESTIC APPLIANCES (ELECTRIC COOKERS) AND MANY INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES • LIGHT • THE CONDUCTOR BECOMES INCANDESCENT • THE FILAMENT OF A LIGHT BULB • WHEN A CURRENT IONIZES A GAS • GREENISH-BLUE LIGHT

LISTENING • AN ELECTRIC CURRENT CAN SEPARATE A CHEMICAL COMPOUND INTO ITS COMPONENTS • BY ELECTROLYSIS OF SALT WATER • TO BREAK DOWN WATER INTO HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN • SULPHURIC ACID BECAUSE PURE WATER DOES NOT CONDUCT WELL • A MAGNETIC FIELD AROUND IT • 1-MAGNETIZE MAGNETIC MATERIALS AND ATTRACT THEM TO THE CONDUCTOR (e.g. = RELAYS) • 2- IF THE MAGNETIC FIELD IS CUT BY ANOTHER CONDUCTOR, AND ElectroMotiveForce WILL BE INDUCED IN THAT CONDUCTOR (e.g.= TRANSFORMERS AND GENERATORS) • 3-IF A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IS PLACED IN THE MAGNETIC FIELD, A FORCE WILL BE EXERTED ON IT (e.g.= MOTORS)

REVISION 1- Materials can be divided into conductors and insulators depending on whether they permit electrons to flow easily/ how easily they permit electrons to flow

REVISION 2- Most metals are good conductors because they have (a) low resistance (to electricity) 3-However, copper is the most commonly used metal in wires due to its low resistance. In addition, its malleability and ductility enable us to make coils

REVISION 4- The cross section of a wire is also important. Thus, a thick wire offers a low resistance to the flow of electricity, whereas a thin wire increases resistance. Thick wires are therefore used for distributing / to distribute electricity from power plants to our houses.

REVISION 5- On the other hand, thin wires are used in lamps because their high resistance is what is used for making / to make lamps shine

SECTION II (Units 6-9)