Disorders

1. Disorders

2. Abnormal Psychology • The study of people who suffer from psychological disorders

3. Anxiety Disorders

4. Phobias Anxiety Disorders • Intense, unwarranted fear of a situation or object • Agoraphobia is the fear of open, public spaces • Social phobias is the fear of a situation in which one could embarrass oneself in public • Contact with the feared object of situation results in anxiety

6. Generalized Anxiety Disorder Anxiety Disorders • Constant, low-level anxiety

7. Panic Disorder Anxiety Disorders • Intense anxiety for no apparent reason • Anxiety over anticipation of a panic attack

8. Obsessive Compulsive Anxiety Disorders • Obsessive (persistent and unwanted) thoughts cause the need (compulsion) to engage in a particular action • Even to the extent that no other behavior can take place • Anxiety is released when the compulsive behavior is performed

10. Post Traumatic Stress Anxiety Disorders • Flashbacks or nightmares following a trauma • Memories of the event cause anxiety

11. What causes anxiety disorder?

12. What causes anxiety disorder? • Psychoanalytic theory: unresolved, unconscious conflicts between the id, ego, superego

13. What causes anxiety disorder? • Behaviorist theory: because all behavior is learned, anxiety must be learned through operant or classical conditioning, or cognitive learning

14. What causes anxiety disorder? • Cognitive theorists: dysfunctional thinking like irrational thoughts

15. What causes anxiety disorder? • What would an evolutionary theorist say? • What about a biological psychologist?

16. Somatoform Disorders • Physiological manifestations of psychological problems • Hypochondriasis- physical complaints without physical cause • Conversion disorder – severe physical disorder like paralysis or blindness without a physical cause

17. Body dysmorphic disorder

18. What causes somatoform disorder?

19. What causes somatoform disorder? • Psychodynamic theorists: outward manifestations of unresolved unconscious conflicts • Behavioral theorists: reinforcement for behavior, like attention one gets being sick

20. Dissociative Disorder • Disruption in the conscious processes • Psychogenic amnesia • Fugue • Dissociative identity disorder

21. Psychogenic amnesia • Person cannot remember things, but there is no physiological basis for the disruption in memory

22. Fugue • rare psychiatric disorder after a traumatic event when anindividual dissociates from his identity and detaches himself from the current surroundings • often the individual flees to an unfamiliar location, experiences a temporary amnesia affecting his personal identity, and partially or completely adopts a new identity

23. Dissociative identity disorder • Multiple personalities • the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states that take control of a person's behavior 

24. Dissociative identity disorder

25. What causes Dissociative Disorders?

26. Psychoanalytic theory: trauma is repressed causing a split consciousness • Behavioral theory: to not think about trauma is rewarding and produces amnesia • Critics question the validity of Dissociative Identity Disorder

27. Affective (mood) Disorders • Experience of extreme or inappropriate emotions • Major depressive disorder (unipolar depression) • Seasonal affective disorder • Bipolar disorder (manic depression) • Dysthymic disorder is less intense than major depression, but lasts years

28. Major Depressive Disorder • Unipolar depression • Unhappy for more than 2 weeks without clear reason • Loss of appetite, fatigue, changes in sleep, lack of interest, worthlessness

30. Bipolar Disorder • Periods of major depression • Mania, High energy • Risky behavior • Spurts of euphoria • no desire to sleep • racing thoughts • Confidence, power • Irritability, anxiety

31. Seasonal Affective Disorder • Depression at certain time of year, usually winter

32. Dysthemia

33. What causes Mood Disorder?

34. Biological component to affective disorders • Low levels of serotonin (depression) • More receptors for acetylcholine (bipolar) • Low levels of norepinephrine (depression) • Genetic component because depression and bipolar seem to run in families

35. review • Neurotransmitters:chemical transmitters signal from neurons across synapses; at the axon endings of motor neurons, they stimulate the muscle fibers • Serotonin:inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in emotion and mood and perception(depression, anger control, obsessive-compulsive disorder, suicide, increased appetite for carbohydrates, trouble sleeping, migraines, irritable bowel syndrome, and fibromyalgia)

36. review • Acetylcholine: found in sensory neurons, autonomic nervous system, stimulation of muscles (gastro-intestinal system);plays part in REM (dream) sleep; link between loss of acetylcholine and Alzheimer's disease • Norepinephrine:strongly associated with autonomic, sympathetic nervous system "high alert"increased heart rate and blood pressure, released by adrenal glands into the blood stream (noradrenalin)forming memories; depleted by stress, increased by exercise

37. Psychoanalytic • Anger directed inward • Loss during the psychosexual stage • Overly punitive superego Behavior theorists • Mood disorder brings about some kind of reinforcement like attention or sympathy

38. Cognitive theorists • Unreasonably negative ideas about self • Cognitive triad (Aaron Beck) • The self, the world, the future • Pessimistic attributional style • Internal v. external (I’m bad v. the world is bad) • global v. specific (I’m a bad student v. I have trouble with math) • stable v. unstable (I will always be a bad student v. I had a bad day today)

39. Combination behavioral & cognitive • Martin Seligman – learned helplessness • Some dogs learned to not get shocked • Others believed they lacked the ability to control their fate • Depression has a high correlation to feelings of learned helplessness

40. Schizophrenic Disorders

41. Schizophrenic Disorders • Onset in young adulthood • Severe, debilitating • Disordered, distorted thinking • Delusions • Of persecution • Of grandeur • Hallucinations (perception in the absence of sensory stimulation)

42. 4 types of schizophrenia • Disorganized (make up words, rhyming words, inappropriate or flat affect) • Paranoid (delusions of persecution) • Catatonic (odd movements, waxy flexibility) • Undifferentiated (disordered thinking)

43. Cause of schizophrenia - Biological • Dopamine hypothesis • High levels of dopamine in frontal lobes associated with schizophrenia • Low levels of dopamine in motor areas associated with Parkinson’s • Anti-psychotic drugs lower dopamine levels, but can cause tremors • L-Dopa, used to treat Parkinson’s increases dopamine levels and in excess, causes schizophrenic symptoms

44. review • Dopamine: inhibitory neurotransmitter (blocks a neuron from firing at receptor site);Strongly associated with reward mechanisms (nicotine, cocaine, opium, heroin, and alcohol increase level of dopamine)

45. Cause of schizophrenia - Biological • Enlarged brain ventricles • Brain asymmetries • Genetic predisposition • Identical twins have close to 50% relationship

46. Cause of schizophrenia - environmental • Double binds – contradictory messags • Diathesis stress model – environmental stressors trigger biological predisposition

47. Personality Disorders Antisocial personality disorder • Well established, maladaptive ways of behaving • Negatively affect people’s ability to function Borderline Dependent Paranoid Narcissistic Histrionic Avoidant Obsessive Compulsive Schizoid Schizotypal

48. Antisocial Personality Disorder • Little regard for other people’s feelings • World seen as a hostile place • Criminals have a high incidence of antisocial personality disorder

49. Other Psychological Disorders • Paraphilia or Psychosexual disorder • Pedophilia • Zoophilia • Fetishism • Voyeur • Masochist • sadist

50. Other Psychological Disorders • Eating disorder • Anorexia nervosa • bulimia • Obesity • Substance Use disorder • Substance dependence