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Media and Transition

Media and Transition . Mr.Sc . Remzie Shahini-Hoxhaj 17.05.2011. Kosov @. is situated in southeastern part of Europe

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Media and Transition

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  1. Media and Transition Mr.Sc. Remzie Shahini-Hoxhaj 17.05.2011

  2. Kosov@ • is situated in southeastern part of Europe • After 1968, Kosovo was granted political autonomy and after the Yugoslav constitutional amendments of 1974 it became a constituent entity of the Federation, equal to the other republics • Its autonomous status was abolished by the Serb regime of Slobodan Milosevic in 1989, followed by occupation, repression, ethnic conflict, and eventually war, 1998-1999 • upon the liberation war of KLA and NATO intervention in 1999, Kosovo was liberated from Serbia and was placed under the administration of UNMIK (Resolution 1244) • after three years of negotiations on 17 February 2008 Kosovo declared Independence • Kosovo has been recognized from 75 states and it became member of IMF and World Bank Istanbul Media Days 16-20 May 2011 “Communicating Democracy and Democratizing Communication”

  3. Historical backgroundofmedia in Kosovo • As part of Yugoslavia until 1989, Kosovo had inherited not plural media system, controlled from communist state • consisted of only one daily newspaper Rilindjaand one Kosovo -wide broadcaster Radio and Television of Prishtina (RTP) • in the 1990’s from authoritarian Milosevic’s regime the freedom of speech was condemned • this daily newspaper continued to be published, but the regime was very much repressive to the media and journalists and other employees of which were persecuted • This period is known as period of “information blackout”, when Albanians were informed just through foreign media • The only Albanian newspaper Rilindja was forced to change the name Bujku (the Farmer) in order to inform people by posing as an agricultural newspaper Istanbul Media Days 16-20 May 2011 “Communicating Democracy and Democratizing Communication”

  4. ... • After the closure of the Radio Television of Prishtina in July 1990, Kosovar Albanians bought half an hour of broadcasting time on the Albanian National Television Radio Television of Albania (TVSH) • This broadcasting time was financed from Kosovar Albanian diaspora and broadcasting time was given free of charge from TVSH • During the Kosovo war • newspaper KohaDitore was published for the first time in 1997 in order to provide independent daily information • On December 1998, KLA established two information institutions Radio Free Kosovo (Radio Kosova e Lirë) and the news agency Kosovapress. The radio station began broadcasting January 1999 in order to inform the people about the situation on the front line Istanbul Media Days 16-20 May 2011 “Communicating Democracy and Democratizing Communication”

  5. Transition phasein Kosovo • “Some of the post-communist states are democracies, in the sense used in this tradition of analysis, but others clearly are not”- Colin Sparks • transition and consolidation may well overlap to some extent • has tended to be rather ahistorical as well as a contextual, suggesting the need for relating the dynamics and prospects for regime change to earlier developments • Major changes in the Kosovar society, especially after the end of war in 1999, have led to a wave of influences between the society and the media • Transitional changes in the fields of politics, education and communication were crucial topics of alternations in social life • Kosovo faced difficulties in establishing free and responsible media as an integral component of a democratic society • Training offered from different organizations in terms of strengthening professional journalism • inflow of people from villages to cities • UNMIKU active in creation of media legislations • Establishment of independent media institution KPM, Press Council, AGPK, UGK IREX USAID OSCE Istanbul Media Days 16-20 May 2011 “Communicating Democracy and Democratizing Communication”

  6. What is transition? Istanbul Media Days 16-20 May 2011 “Communicating Democracy and Democratizing Communication”

  7. Media and society today • After 2008 migration from cities to villages • Penetration of internet (last three months 2010) in Kosov@ is about 60% • Individual ADSL users 94% • Private ADSL users 6% • From 2009 it has increased about 11% • Koha and Telegrafi portal weekly about 70 000 clicks • Political aspect (new form of elections, political system etc) • RTK signed an agreement with EBU and become a member of URTI • Digitalization process Istanbul Media Days 16-20 May 2011 “Communicating Democracy and Democratizing Communication”

  8. The indicators of the social changes Istanbul Media Days 16-20 May 2011 “Communicating Democracy and Democratizing Communication”

  9. Society after thewar Istanbul Media Days 16-20 May 2011 “Communicating Democracy and Democratizing Communication”

  10. The state of media • Kosovo has a population of 2.2 million inhabitants and is served by 110 broadcasters (OSCE report 2006): • 1 public broadcaster RTK which includes 1 TV and 2 Radios • 20 TV stations-including • 2 national KTV (Koha Vision) and TV 21 • 15 local and 3 low power • 87 radio stations-including 2 national: • Radio Dukagjini and 21, 70 local and 15 low power • The Digital Video Broadcasting in Kosovo is cable system and there are 10 cable operators and 25 content providers Istanbul Media Days 16-20 May 2011 “Communicating Democracy and Democratizing Communication”

  11. Public broadcaster Istanbul Media Days 16-20 May 2011 “Communicating Democracy and Democratizing Communication”

  12. Reliable media Istanbul Media Days 16-20 May 2011 “Communicating Democracy and Democratizing Communication”

  13. The impact of media platforms Istanbul Media Days 16-20 May 2011 “Communicating Democracy and Democratizing Communication”

  14. The role of TV • low readership and print media circulation • do not buy newspapers as they read them in social environments such as cafés and restaurants • do not buy newspapers as their parents or siblings do • has to do with the content of newspapers- provides too Lack of diversity of • pages are overwhelmingly filled with plain reports of political events. many plain news and no news analysis nor investigative reports • this trend has especially increased with the expansion of televised networks and internet-based media, which are able to serve news to the public instantly, by using not only text but also audio- visual platforms Istanbul Media Days 16-20 May 2011 “Communicating Democracy and Democratizing Communication”

  15. Main information source TV! Istanbul Media Days 16-20 May 2011 “Communicating Democracy and Democratizing Communication”

  16. Importance of TV for society in transition • More than informing... • Discourse of the society • Soap operas • Big Brother • Who wants to be a Millionaire • Xfactor • Change of values Istanbul Media Days 16-20 May 2011 “Communicating Democracy and Democratizing Communication”

  17. The role of TV in social change Istanbul Media Days 16-20 May 2011 “Communicating Democracy and Democratizing Communication”

  18. Which changes are impaced from media Istanbul Media Days 16-20 May 2011 “Communicating Democracy and Democratizing Communication”

  19. Influence of TV and internet Istanbul Media Days 16-20 May 2011 “Communicating Democracy and Democratizing Communication”

  20. The usage of internet in Kosovo Istanbul Media Days 16-20 May 2011 “Communicating Democracy and Democratizing Communication”

  21. Importance Istanbul Media Days 16-20 May 2011 “Communicating Democracy and Democratizing Communication”

  22. The challenges of media in Kosovo • Due to the fact that in Kosovo media discourse was absent for many years, it could be argued that there is lack of research on its mission and role in Kosovar society • The Freedom House report has evaluated freedom of press in Kosovo as partialy free • According to Freedom House press freedom situation in Kosovo is more severe than that in the region • Currently Kosovo is the process of switching from analog broadcasting to digital terrestrial system • The Independent Media Commission through frequency planning experts is trying to adopt the current situation according to the 2006 Geneva Agreement (ITU Confernce) Istanbul Media Days 16-20 May 2011 “Communicating Democracy and Democratizing Communication”

  23. Conclusion • Is not entirely true that this lack of freedom comes from government or political institutions pressuring media in Kosovo, rather it is very easy to observe that media and people working in media are voluntarily submitting their independence to different groups for various favors • These groups are not only political, interest non-political groups are common as well, based on friendship, family or region • This is also heavily affected by two other factors: • weak economy (government is biggest employer) and • Kosovo’s weak economy negatively impacts Kosovo media by contributing to sluggish advertising revenues • the fact that Kosovo is very small and tightly coupled society, which makes influencing (volunteer or material) very easy to achieve • This is rather mindful and “free” trade of “freedom to speak or write” for some favor Istanbul Media Days 16-20 May 2011 “Communicating Democracy and Democratizing Communication”

  24. Thanks for your attention! Istanbul Media Days 16-20 May 2011 “Communicating Democracy and Democratizing Communication”

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