1 / 57

Vertebrate Groups

Vertebrate Groups. Vertebrata. More complex animals Most have a backbone made up of individual bones called vertebrae From simplest to most complex , the phylum includes: fish , amphibians , reptiles , birds , and mammals. Vertebrate Backbone. Vertebrata.

decker
Télécharger la présentation

Vertebrate Groups

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Vertebrate Groups

  2. Vertebrata • More complex animals • Most have a backbone made up of individual bones called vertebrae • From simplest to most complex, the phylum includes: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

  3. Vertebrate Backbone

  4. Vertebrata • Vertebrates have endoskeletons (internal) • Some vertebrates have skeletons of cartilage(sharks, rays, and skates) • Other vertebrates have skeletons of bone and cartilage(reptiles, birds, & mammals)

  5. Bone & Cartilage in Fetus

  6. Fish lancelet ray damselfish anglerfish

  7. Amphibia salamander toad frog newt

  8. Reptilia Turtle Snake Lizard Alligator

  9. Birds - Aves hummingbird ostrich lovebirds

  10. Mammalia

  11. Body Areas

  12. Surfaces • Dorsal – back or upper surface • Ventral – belly or lower surface • Anterior – head or front end • Posterior – tail or hind end opposite the head • Oral surface (echinoderms) – is where the mouth is located (underside) • Aboral surface (echinoderms) – is opposite the mouth (top side)

  13. Surfaces (Most Animals) DORSAL POSTERIOR ANTERIOR VENTRAL

  14. Surfaces (Echinoderms) ORAL ABORAL mouth

  15. Symmetry

  16. Body Symmetry

  17. Body Symmetry • Symmetry is the arrangement of body parts around a central plane or axis • Asymmetry occurs when the body can’t be divided into similar sections (sponges)

  18. Body Symmetry • Radial symmetry occurs when body parts are arranged around a central point like spokes on a wheel(echinoderms) • Most animals with radial symmetry are sessile(attached) or sedentary(move very little)

  19. Body Symmetry • Bilateral symmetry occurs when animals can be divided into equal halves along a single plane • Organisms will have right and left sides that are mirror images of each other • More complex type of symmetry

  20. Body Symmetry • Animals with bilateral symmetry are usually motile • Animals have an anterior and posterior ends • Show cephalization(concentration of sensory organs on the head or anterior end)

  21. Segmentation

  22. Segmentation • Occurs whenever animal bodies are divided into repeating units or segments • Found in more complex animals • Earthworms show external segmentation • Humans show internal segmentation (backbone) • Segments may fuse (cephalothorax)

  23. Segmentation cephalothorax

  24. Tissues

  25. Tissue Development • Zygote (fertilized egg) undergoes rapid cell divisions called cleavage • Forms a hollow ball of cells called the blastula

  26. Blastula • The blastocoel is the center cavity of the blastula with 1 germ layer (blastoderm)

  27. Tissue Development Archenteron • The blastula INVAGINATES (folds inward at one point) • Called Gastrulation • The opening is called the blastopore • The center is the primitive gut or Archenteron blastopore

  28. Tissue Development • Blastopore may become the mouth (Protostome) or anus (Deuterostome) • Protostomes (mollusks, arthropods, & annelids) • Deuterostomes (echinoderms & vertebrates) • Some animals form a middle germ layer called mesoderm

  29. Embryonic Development

  30. Germ Layers • Form tissues, organs, & systems • NOT present in sponges • Ectoderm (outer) – forms skin, nerves, sense organs • Endoderm (inner) – forms liver and lungs • Mesoderm (middle) – forms muscles & other systems

  31. Body Layers • Sponges have NO tissues or organs, only specialized cells • Cnidarians like jellyfish & coral have only two body layers & one body opening (mouth/anus) into gastrovascular cavity • Cnidarians have outer epidermis & inner gastrodermis with jelly-like mesoglea between the layers

  32. Body Layers • All worms, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, and vertebrates have three cell layers • Ectoderm • Endoderm • mesoderm

  33. Embryonic Cleavage

  34. Cleavage • Cleavage – rapid mitosis (cell division) of zygote • RadialCleavage – cells divide parallel or perpendicular to axis to each other

  35. Cleavage • Spiral Cleavage – cellular divisions occur diagonally, in a twisting pattern

  36. Stages of Development

  37. Larval Forms • Animals with Indirect development • Go throughimmature (larval) forms • Larva does NOT resemble adult • Cnidarian (jellyfish, coral, & sea anemone) larva called Planula

  38. Larval Forms • Mollusk (squid & octopus) larva called trochophore • Echinoderm (starfish) larva is called Dipleurula

  39. Metamorphosis • Usually found in arthropods • May be complete or incomplete • Incomplete Metamorphosis: egg nymph adult • Complete Metamorphosis: egg larva pupa adult

  40. Metamorphosis COMPLETE INCOMPLETE

  41. Body Cavities

  42. Coelom - Body Cavity • Internal body cavity fully lined with mesoderm • Body organs suspended in this cavity

  43. Coelom - Body Cavity • Acoelomate animals have solid bodies filled with cells • Acoelomate animals include sponges, cnidarians, & flatworms

  44. Coelom - Body Cavity • Pseudocoelomate animals (roundworms) have a functional body cavity NOT fully lined with mesoderm

  45. Animal Systems

  46. Support Systems • Spongin & spicules (sponges) • Limestone cases (corals) • Exoskeletons of Chitin (arthropods) • Must be shed or moltedto grow • Inner Calcium plates or Test (echinoderms) • Bone/cartilage endoskeleton (vertebrates)

More Related