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Gender and Women Health

Gender and Women Health. Pinar Okyay, MD,PhD. Department of Public Health , School of Medicine Adnan Menderes University , Aydin Turkey. “Have a son and your name continues!. “ Last year only one girl child was born in our village. All other families had sons ”

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Gender and Women Health

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  1. Gender and Women Health Pinar Okyay, MD,PhD Department of PublicHealth, School of Medicine Adnan Menderes University, AydinTurkey

  2. “Have a son and your name continues!

  3. “Last year only one girl child was born in our village. All other families had sons” Kristof, Nicholas D. 1993. "Peasants of China discover new way to weed out girls." The New York Times, 21 July, 1.

  4. Today, the vast majority in Asia, I in different populations, 60 million girlsat least, otherwiseexpected to be alive, are missing due to gender selective abortion, infanticide or neglect .

  5. Oomman N, Ganatra BR., Sex selection: the systematic elimination of girls. Reprod Health Matters. 2002 May;10(19):184-8.

  6. In CHINA: • 21 of 31 (%67.7) provinces have higher ratio than 108.0 (expected sex ration at birth) • 40 million single men by 2020 • Gu B, Roy K. Sex ratio at birth in China, with reference to other areas in East Asia: what we know. Asia Pac Popul J. 1995 Sep;10(3):17-42.

  7. Gender and Women Health • In many societies, women systematically fail to achieve or fail to usesome basic human rights according to men. • Most of the time, women's health status and problems related to affect: • morbidity • disability • mortality DISCRIMINATION ALL THROUGH THE LIFE OF WOMEN

  8. Violence • Social pressure • Increase in morbidity • Neglect • Cannot benefit from the services • ADOLESENT/ADULT • Unwanted pregnancies, STDs • Sexuel harassment/abuse • Turnpike sex • Smoking and substanve abuse • OLDERS • Increase in morbidity /problems on quality of life • CHILDHOOD • Sex selective abortion • Female mutilation • Nutrition problems

  9. Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) • An estimated 100 to 140 million girls and women worldwide are currently living with the consequences of FGM. • Each year 2 million girls at risk! WHO, Female Genital Mutilation The prevention and the management of the health complications Policy guidelines for nurses and midwives, 2001.

  10. FGM / Problems • Obstetric • Menstruel • Phychological • Urinary • Other problems.. WHO, A systematic review of the health complications of female genital mutilation including sequelae in childbirth, 2001.

  11. Violence and Women World scale:Today one of every 3 women are subjected to different forms of violence. (Heise, Ellsberg, Gottemoeller, 1999).

  12. Discrimination against women • "...any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status, on a basis of equality of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field." (UN, CEDAW-1994)

  13. Violence Pandemiadepends on gender • Researches from various countries between the years 1986-1997: women within the percentage of 16-41, were physically attacked by men with whom they had close relations. • Violence exposed is the 10th cause of death in the 15-44 age group women. • 7% of all womendeaths in the world are associated with violence. WHO,1998

  14. Turkey • Domestic violence Of women; • 84% slap • 70% being punched • 43% being beated hard • 55% threatened with death • Home is the place violence most experienced. • In the violence acts, the aggresive is mostly husband or the man with close emotional relationships. CEDAW Report of Turkey-1993

  15. Turkey • Turkey Demographic and Health Survey 2003: • The percentage of justification of the thusband in hitting or beating his wife is 39%. • Rural 57% • Lower education level 62% • Reasons of the violence:Şiddet nedenleri: If she; • Burns the food • Argues with him • Refuses to have sex with him

  16. Pablo Picasso/The Rape of the Sabin Women

  17. In the World • Completed rape at least once during the life of women completed rape USA 14-20% Canada: 40% • 12-25 percent of all adult women have been specified that they were victims of rape or attempted rape. Koss et al.,1997; Killpatrick et al.,1992; Randall and Haskell, 1995

  18. A systematic weapon : Rape • In South Africa every 83 second one woman is rapedA report by the U.N. (1996) • Special Rapporteur onRwanda estimated that at least 250 000 women were raped during the genocide. • During the 1992-1995 conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovinabetween 20 000 and 50 000 women were raped Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN) WHO, Sexuel violence in conflict setting and theriskof HIV, 2004.

  19. Sexually Transmitted Disease • Young women know very little information on STDs and because of the fear of being branded as sexual active they hardly try to learn information. • Woman equipping less power as a decision maker has resulted with late diagnosis and treatment.

  20. Sex trade/tourism.. • 4 million people in sex abuse traffic is estimated in the world. • The revenue / year of organized criminal organizations is 7 billion dollars • 500,000 women and children for the sex trade is estimated to infiltrate into European Union countries in 1995.

  21. Older Ages and Women • The expected duration of life in our country, the birth (DIE-2000) -71.0 years for women -66.4 years for men • At least 35 countries in the world in the birth of the expected life span for women has reached 80 years. Women live average 6-8 years more than men. (WHO)

  22. Older Ages and Women • A long waywith diseases .. Health care access problems In our country, all illiterate population over 65 years is 24% and 74% are women. Elderly women than elderly men are poor and lack social protection.

  23. Blindness • The most important reason for blindness is cataracts, and according to the results of studies in five countries, 53-72% of all with cataracs are women. • Blindness connected to cataract may be reduced at a rate of 12.5% if only women and men have the same operation rates. Abou-Garaeb, Lewallen, BassettCourtright. Gender and Blindness: a metaanalysis of population based prevalence surveys. Ophthalmic epidemiology 2001; 8:39-56.

  24. In Disaster • Women, with lower rates of education and years of education, more work at home, • at disaster their preparedness and education are less, • they have little information about the preparation and risk approach.

  25. Target: Gender Equality • Strategy: Gender mainstreaming

  26. Equity in Health • The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)-1979 / Turkey1985 • Madrid-2001 • Political and technical process • Health systems should be settled identfying of men and women biological differences and gender • Gender-relatedevaluation indicators should be identified and data shoul be collected • Research on gender must be supported

  27. What we know about gender on the women health Key word: “gender” Turkish MEDLINE: 14 Ulaknet National Medicine dizini: 3 Key words: “gender identity AND women” PubMed: 1019 METHOD: Gender Analysis

  28. Atatürk, Founder of the Modern Turkey; Thankyou..

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