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Perception

Perception. The set of processes that organize information in the sensory image and interpret that information as having been produced by objects or events in the external world Role is to make sense of sensations What is perceived

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Perception

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  1. Perception • The set of processes that organize information in the sensory image and interpret that information as having been produced by objects or events in the external world • Role is to make sense of sensations • What is perceived • The overall process of comprehending objects and events in the environment

  2. Perception • 3 stages • Sensation-conversion of physical energy in to neural code • Perceptual organization-internal perception of an object is formed and a percept of the external stimulus is developed. Working representation of the perceivers external environment ex(vision-seize, shape, movement, distance) • Identification/recognition-assigns meaning to percepts (ex. Circles become coins, balls clocks etc.)

  3. Stimuli • Retinal image 2 dimensional • Distal • Physical objects in the world • Proximal • Optical image on the retina • Ambiguity • Perceptual object that may have more than one interpretation • Illusions • Perceptual systems actually deceive you into experiencing a stimulus pattern in a manner that is a demonstratably incorrect

  4. Ambiguity

  5. Ambiguity

  6. Ambiguity

  7. Illusion

  8. Illusion

  9. Illusion

  10. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FG7LeFR-yEo

  11. Illusion • http://www.maniacworld.com/Spinning-Silhouette-Optical-Illusion.html

  12. Study of Perception • Helmholtz (1866)-nurture • Using prior knowledge • Unconscious inferences • Perception that occurs outside of conscious awareness • Analytic stage-break physical world down • Synthetic stage-integrate and synthesize

  13. Study of Perception • Gestalt-Koffka(1935)/Kohler (1947)/ Wertheimer (1923) • Viewed as organized, structured wholes • Whole is more than the sum of its parts

  14. Gestalt principals

  15. Gestalt • http://graphicdesign.spokanefalls.edu/tutorials/process/gestaltprinciples/gestaltprinc.htm

  16. Study of Perception • Theory of Ecological options Gibson+Gibson (1966+1979) • Focused on the properties of external stimuli • Perceiver as an explorer of the environment

  17. Attentional Processes • Attention-state of focused awareness on a subset of the available perceptual information

  18. Attentional Processes • Goal directed selection • Choices you make about objects to which you’d like to attend

  19. Attentional Processes • Stimulus-driven capture • Features of stimulus-objects in the environment, capture your attention

  20. Attentional Processes • Filter Theory (Broadbent 1958) • Mind has limited capacity to take in information and the selection occurs early on in the process before the input’s meaning is accessed • Dichotic listening • Different auditory stimulus is simultaneously presented in each ear

  21. Filter • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2pK0BQ9CUHk

  22. Attentional Processes • Preattentive Processes • Processing of sensory information that precedes attention to specific objects • Allows guided search

  23. Organizational Processes • Divides stimuli into figures • Figures-object like regions of the visual field that are distinguished from background • Ground-backdrop or background areas of the visual field against which figures stick out

  24. Organizational Processes • Illusory contours • Contours perceived in a figure when no contours are present

  25. Kaniza Triangle Effect • http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.lopn.net/images/KIaniza1.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.lopn.net/Kaniza.html&h=297&w=476&sz=4&hl=en&start=3&tbnid=mBtvT3VsrNcv7M:&tbnh=80&tbnw=129&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dillusionary%2Bcontours%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den%26s

  26. Organizational Processes • Closure-makes you see incomplete figures as complete, balanced, symmetrical

  27. Closure • http://www.3dbcreative.com/uploads/plusminus/33/Gestalt_Panda_web.jpg

  28. Organizational Processes • Law of Proximity • Law of grouping states the nearest or most proximal, elements are grouped together

  29. Law of Proximity • http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://z.about.com/d/psychology/1/0/D/1/proximity.jpg&imgrefurl=http://psychology.about.com/od/sensationandperception/ss/gestaltlaws_4.htm&h=400&w=400&sz=28&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=wj_lWFC7Hido-M:&tbnh=124&tbnw=124&prev=/

  30. Organizational Processes • Law of similarity • Law of grouping states: similar elements are grouped together

  31. Similarity • http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://z.about.com/d/psychology/1/0/E/1/similarity.jpg&imgrefurl=http://psychology.about.com/od/sensationandperception/ss/gestaltlaws_2.htm&h=400&w=400&sz=28&hl=en&start=2&tbnid=ZwO8UStSUO-h7M:&tbnh=124&tbnw=124&prev=

  32. Organizational Processes • Law of common fate • Law of grouping states: elements moving in same direction at the same rate are grouped together

  33. Integration • Fixation-glance at something becomes fixed in mind • Spatial+temporal integration • Fixed locations in different moments for seeing what is around you

  34. Fixed Motion • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rmkLlVzUBn4

  35. Motion • Changing of size • Induced motion • An illusion in which a stationary point of light with in a moving reference frame is seen as moving +the reference frame is seen as stationary

  36. Motion (Phi phenomenon) • Apparent motion-movement illusion in which one or more stationary lights going on and off in succession are perceived as a single moving light

  37. Phi Phenomenon • http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0070579431/student_view0/chapter8/phi_phenomenon_activity.html

  38. Depth Perception • Depth-distance from an object

  39. Depth Perception • Depth cues • Binocular • 2 eyes • Retinal disparity-displacement between the horizontal positions of corresponding images in the two eyes

  40. Depth Perception • Depth cues • Convergence • Degree to which eyes turn inward to fixate on an object

  41. Depth Perception • Relative motion parallax • Depth, relative distances of object from a viewer determine the amount + direction of their relative motion in the retinal image

  42. Depth Perception • Pictorial cues • Depth perception using one eye • Interposition or occlusion • Blocking out an object (one is in front of another) • Shadows ex. Person inside window • Size/distance relation • Closest projects largest size • Railroad example

  43. Ponzo Illusion

  44. Depth Perception • Perceptual constancy • The ability to retain an unchanged percept of an object despite various retinal images ex. Person moving round-close, back etc.

  45. Depth Perception • Size constancy • The ability to perceive the true size of an object despite variations in the size of the retinal image • Prior knowledge

  46. Ames Box • http://www.truveo.com/Neat-Ames-Room-Illusion/id/69467737

  47. Depth Perception • Shape constancy • Ability to perceive the true shape of an object despite variation of size of retinal image

  48. Depth Perception • Orientation constancy • Ability to perceive the actual orientation of objects in the real world despite their varying orientation in the retinal image • Whit help from inner ear

  49. Depth Perception • Lightness constancy • The tendency to perceive the whiteness, grayness or blackness of objects as constant across changing levels of illumination

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