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Feminisms and Gender Studies

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Feminisms and Gender Studies

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    1. Feminisms and Gender Studies Week 11

    2. Feminist Movement and Feminisms

    3. First-wave of feminist movement (1890’s to 1960)

    4. First-wave of feminist movement

    5. First phrase of literary Development Woman: Created or Constructed? Elaine Showalter has identified three phases of modern women’s literary development: the feminine phase (1840-80), during which women writers imitated the dominant male traditions;

    7. Second-wave Feminist Movement (1960s-1990s)

    8. The second one is the feminist phase (1880-1920), when women advocated for their rights; and the female phase(1920-present emphasizes on the rediscovery of women’s texts and women

    9. Third-wave feminist Movement (1990s onwards )

    10. Third-wave feminist Movement (1990s onwards )

    11. Showalter’s four models of difference: biological, linguistic, psychoanalytic, and cultural Today it seems that two general tendencies, one emphasizing Showalter’s biological, linguistic, and psychoanalytic models, and the other emphasizing cultural model, account for most feminist theories.

    12. Certain theories may be said to have an essentialist argument for inherent feminine traits that have been undervalued, misunderstood, or exploited by a patriarchal culture because the genders are quite different.

    13. These theories focus on sexual difference and sexual politics and are often aimed at defining or establishing a feminist literature (and culture, history and so forth) from a less patriarchal slant.

    14. Opposed to this notion is constructivist feminism, which asks women (and men) to consider what it means to be a woman, to consider that inherently female traits are in fact culturally and socially constructed.

    15. Feminism and Psychoanalysis Many essentialist feminists make the argument that female writers often identify themselves with the literary characters they detest through such types as the monster-madwoman figure counterposed against and angel/heroine figure.

    16. Jacques Lacan comes to the notion of the Imaginary, a pre-Oedipal stage in which the child has not yet differentiated her- or himself from the mother and as a consequence has not learned language, which is the Symbolic Order to be taught to be the father.

    17. The feminine “language” of the unconscious destabilizes sexual categories in the Symbolic Order of the Father, disrupting the unities of discourse and indicating its silencings. French feminists speak of “exploding” rather than interpreting a sign.

    18. Luce Irigaray etymologically links the word “matter” to “maternity” and “matrix,” the latter being the space for male philosophizing and thinking.

    19. Julia Kristeva, in her Desire in Language, presents a mother-centered realm of the semiotic as oppose to the symbolic. She argues that the semiotic realm of the mother is present in symbolic discourse as absence or contradiction.

    20. Multicultural Feminisms Among the most prominent of feminist minorities are women of color and lesbians. These feminists practice what is sometimes called identity politics.

    21. Black feminists have often turned to the slave narrative and the captivity narrative, both old American forms of discourse, as of especial importance to black women writers.

    22. Related to the rise of feminisms among women of color is the area of postcolonial studies. Chakravorty Gayatri Spivak examines the effects of political independence upon subaltern , or subproletarian women, in Third World countries.

    23. Battlegrounds

    24. Battlegrounds

    25. Battlegrounds

    27. Gender Studies As a constructivist endeavor, gender studies examines how gender is less determined by nature than it is by culture, and such a cultural analysis is at the center of the most complex and vital critical enterprises at the present time.

    29. Lesbian critics counter their marginalization by considering lesbianism a privileged stance testifying to the primacy of women. Lesbian critics

    30. Related works and links de Beauvior, Simone. The Second Sex. 1949. Reprint. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1972. Butler, Judith. The Judith Butler Reader. Ed, Judith Butler and Sarah Salih. London: Blackwell, 2004. Cixous, Hélène. “The Laugh of the Medusa.” Sign 1, no. 4 (1976): 875-93. hooks, bell. Ain’t I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism. Boston: South End P, 1981. Humm, Maggie. Feminist Criticism: Women as Contemporary Critics. Brighton, England: Harvester, 1986. Irigaray, Luce. Speculum of the Other Woman. Trans. Gillian C. Gill. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1985. Kristeva, Julia. Desire in Language. New York: Columbia UP, 1986.

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