The Twenties, 1919-1929 “The Jazz Age”

1. The Twenties, 1919-1929“The Jazz Age” A Booming Economy The Business of Government Clash of Values The New Mass Culture The Harlem Renaissance

3. 4 Major Trends of the 1920s • 1. The 1920s were a time of great prosperity. • 2. The 1920s were a time of great tension between groups in society. • 3. The 1920s were a time of great creativity. • 4. The 1920s were a time of great inequality.

4. The Century: Americas Time 1920-1929: Boom to Bust

5. 1920s Timeline • 1919—18th Amendment =Prohibition on alcohol • 1920—19th Amendment gave women the right to vote • 1921—Warren Harding, President, 1921-1923 • 1922—Teapot Dome Scandal (government corruption) • 1923—Calvin Coolidge, President, 1923-1929 • 1924—National Origins Act limits immigration to U.S. • 1925—Scopes Trial in TN: Science and Religion • 1927—The Jazz Singer, first talking movie • 1929—Herbert Hoover enters the White House Stock Market Crashes Prosperity of the 1920s ends

6. The “New Economy” • 1. After WWI, the American economy grew rapidly. • 2. With mass production, workers produced more goods faster and cheaper than ever before; they also began buying goods on credit. • 3. The economic boom of the 1920s changed the lives of millions of people and helped create our modern consumer society of today.

7. What factors drove the economic boom of the 1920s? • Two Major factors: • 1. Europe had been devastated by war. The U.S. was the only healthy industrial power in the world. • 2. But the most important factor was new technology and inventions led to industrial expansion to produce goods for the growing market

8. New technology and products of the 1920s • 1. Electric vacuum cleaners, refrigerators and freezers • 2. Automatic washing machines • 3. *** Radios • 4. Scotch tape, Kleenex tissue paper, electric razor • 5. Computers at MIT • 6. Genetic Research • 7. Faster Trains • 8. Early stages of commercial aviation • It took over 100 years for the US Patent Office to issue its millionth patent in 1911; within 15 years it issued its two-millionth.

9. *The Automobile was the most important new technological invention of the 1920s: • 1. Automobile industry drove the booming economy • 2. Autos led to the growth of other industries: Steel, rubber, glass, gasoline, oil, road construction, housing construction (suburbs), motels, restaurants, gas stations

10. Henry Ford

11. The Ford Assembly Line • Mass production=production of goods in large numbers through the use of machinery and assembly lines • Assembly line=arrangement of equipment and workers in which work passes from operation to operation in a direct line until the product is assembled • Scientific management=experts study ways to improve efficiency by studying every step of the process

12. Innovation =change in way of doing something • Model T=Henry Ford’s car many Americans could afford • Henry Ford= his assembly line revolutionized production, wages, and working conditions, and daily life

13. Ford Assembly Line

15. 1920s Gas Station

17. In 1929, the nation produced 5.5 million cars and 5 of every 6 cars in the world were owned by Americans.

20. Automobiles transformed American society: • 1. Drove the economy and promoted buying on credit • 2. Social freedom, dating and privacy • 3. Drinking alcohol • 4. Cars were a status symbol • 5. Americans were mobile and took vacations • 6. Americans moved to the suburbs which transformed cities • 7. Increased socialization, ended isolation • 8. Gave rise to a youth culture

21. “Story of Us” Video-Automobiles 12 http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt/watch?videoId=dubvgA7Je7Y&name=%288%29+America%2C+the+Story+of+US+-+Boom&uploadUsername=9kYmo6fsrySOonVIbdINtw&hitCount=11328

22. Advertising and Buying on Credit • Consumer revolution= more goods were affordable and available to more people in American society than ever before The 1920s was the first true “Age of the Consumer” • Installment purchases =customers would make small down payment on an item and pay the rest in monthly payments. Americans went into debt to buy the consumer goods of the 1920s.

25. Walking ads for stockings

27. Movies of the 1920s

28. The Bull Market of the 1920s

29. The Bull Market • Bull Market=stock prices rose in the 1920s and more Americans began to invest in stocks Get rich quick! • Buying on Margin=to pay for stocks, many people bought stocks on “credit” by only putting 10% down. They believed they could pay the rest of the cost with profits from the stock market.

30. Cities, Suburbs and the Country • Cities and suburbs grew and more Americans moved to urban areas for jobs and entertainment. • More skyscrapers were built. • Americans began to move to the suburbs (Cars made travel in and out of the city possible.) • Farmers were NOT prosperous.

31. Chrysler Building

35. First African American Union: Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

36. Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

37. African Americans in office in Hempstead, TX

38. Story of Us: Red Summer, 1919 • Blacks migrate North during WWI for jobs • Racial tensions increase in cities in the North and West • Boom: 25:00 Chicago 1919, Red Summer

39. Farmers at the Market, 1920s

40. Signs of the Booming Economy of the 1920s: • 1.Wages rose from $36 billion to $51 billion • 2. Gross National Product (GNP) jumped from $69 billion to $93 billion • 3. Mass production led to lower prices for goods • 4. US entered WWI a debtor nation and emerged the largest creditor ($12 billion) Compared to other nations, America was rich • 5. Advertising increased and Americans bought goods on credit *In the 1920s, Americans had the highest per capita income in the world.

41. Republicans Dominate Politics of the 1920s • 1. Presidents Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge and the government in the 1920s supported business growth. Both believed in a smaller federal government. • 2. This is a part of a pattern in U.S. history where economic cycles and government action are tied together.

42. Republican Presidents of the 1920s • 1. Warren Harding, 1920 • 2. Calvin Coolidge, 1923 • 3. Herbert Hoover, 1928 • Republicans controlled government for 12 years

43. Warren Harding, Ohio

44. WARREN HARDING (R), 1921-1923 Elected because he promised a “Return to Normalcy.” Americans were tired of war and Progressive reform movements. Harding promised smaller government and lower taxes. “Ohio Gang” –Harding placed his friends in public office

45. Harding’s Cabinet Members 1. Andrew Mellon, Secretary of the Treasury Wealthy banker Lowered taxes Few regulations on businesses 2. Herbert Hoover, Secretary of Commerce Promoted business 3. “Ohio Gang”-Harding’s corrupt and greedy friends who saw government as a way to get rich. This leads several scandals in the administration.

46. Teapot Dome Scandal • Senator Albert Fall, Secretary of the Interior, took bribes to lease lands with oil reserves for the navy to businessmen. He was convicted and served a year in jail. • Warren Harding died of a heart attack. • Calvin Coolidge became president.

47. Warren Harding as PresidentGo to 13 minutes • The Presidents of the 1920s: Warren G. Harding

48. “Silent Cal”-Calvin Coolidge, 1923-29

49. Calvin Coolidge and the Nation • Time of prosperity • Reduced the federal budget • Lowered taxes • Gave incentives to businesses • Believed in small government “The chief business of the American people is business.” “The man who builds a factory, builds a temple.”

50. America’s Role in the World 1. No war had been as deadly as World War I. 2. All Americans agreed it should never happen again 3. The U.S. and other nations took steps to reduce weapons and avoid war.