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Urban Patterns

Urban Patterns. http://mongabay.org/images/brazil/favela_01.gif. http://www.michaelhewes.com/personal_work/mhewe002.jpg. Where Have Urban Areas Grown?. 1800, 3% world ’ s population was urban; Beijing was the only million city

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Urban Patterns

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  1. Urban Patterns http://mongabay.org/images/brazil/favela_01.gif http://www.michaelhewes.com/personal_work/mhewe002.jpg

  2. Where Have Urban Areas Grown? • 1800, 3% world’s population was urban; Beijing was the only million city • 2000, 47% world’s population is urban; 400 million cities worldwide http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/49259main_flat_earth_nightm.jpe

  3. Urbanization • The process by which the population of cities grow is known as urbanization • Increase in the number of people living in cities • And the increase in % of people living in cities within a country • 1800 = 3% world’s population urbanized • 1850 = 6% world’s population urbanized • 1900 = 14% world’s population urbanized • 1950 = 30% world’s population urbanized • 2000 = 47% world’s population urbanized

  4. Percent Urban

  5. Global Patterns • MDCs – 75% urbanized • LDCs – 40% urbanized • Latin America – ~73% urbanized • Except for Latin America, the level of urbanization reflects the level of development • Industrialized countries are highly urbanized because of the clustering of manufacturing industry • However rapid urbanization rates in LDCs are caused by rural-urban migration and high natural increase rates, not industrialization

  6. Most Populous Cities 2004 http://www.ucar.edu/communications/staffnotes/0506/images/World_population.jpg

  7. Million Cities

  8. Defining Urban Settlements • During the 1930's, Louis Wirth argued that people living in urban areas led a different kind of life than people in rural areas. He believed that human sociology was affected by three characteristics of urban areas: • Large size – contractual rather than social/familial relationships • High density – specialization of labour in urban jobs • Social heterogeneity – great variety of people

  9. Physical Definition of Urban Settlements • Legal: city is an urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit • Urbanized area: contiguous built-up area • Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA): the sphere of influence of a city goes beyond the legal and urbanized boundaries – a MSA is • Urbanized with a population > 50, 000 • Contained in the county in which it’s located • Is adjacent to counties with high population densities

  10. St. Louis

  11. Physical Definition of Urban Settlements (cont.) • Micropolitan statistical areas: • 10,000 – 50,000 inhabitants • Includes county and adjacent counties • MSAs may overlap • E.g.: BOSNYWASH corridor • A large continuous urban area flowing from one city to another is called a megalopolis • CBDs of the cities are distinct • But the peripheries are difficult to determine

  12. US Megalopolises http://www.tea.state.tx.us/student.assessment/resources/online/2003/grade10/ss/p76no8.gif European example: Ruhr (Dortmund, Düsseldorf & Essen) Asian example: Tokyo-Yokohama

  13. Where are People Distributed Within Urban Areas? • People are distributed according to the way they cluster in specific neighbourhoods according to their social characteristics • 3 models have been developed to explain the internal structure of urban areas • All were based on Chicago, Illinois and were later applied to cities elsewhere in North America

  14. Burgess – Concentric Zone Model According to the model (1923), a city grows outward from the central area in a series of concentric rings

  15. Hoyt – Sector Model • According to the model the city develops in series of sectors or wedges

  16. Harris & Ullman - Multiple Nuclei Model • According to the model, a city is a complex structure with more than one centre around which activities evolve • Certain nodes attract certain land uses and incompatible land uses repel each other and locate far apart

  17. Garreau – Edge City • According to the edge city model by Joel Garreau, nodes form in response to the rapid development of cities at major suburban freeway interchanges • Many say edge cities “have it all;” they are characteristically composed of office parks, shopping malls, industrial districts, and service centers located near major highways • The edge cities are very new; about 30 years ago they were villages or rural farmland • At present they are homes to the largest retail locations containing more than 600,000 ft² of retail space.  The area also contains more than 5 million ft² of office space • There are more jobs than homes in the edge cities • Edge cities often lack local government and may also be unincorporated. 

  18. Edge Cities The central city is surrounded by a ring road, around which are suburban areas and edge cities, shopping malls, office parks, industrial areas, and service complexes.

  19. Mann’s Model of a Typical British City

  20. Low-class residential in the outskirts or suburbs – long commutes to jobs The European City • E.g.: Paris, France High class residential close to CBD – access to boutiques, parks, cafes, opera http://www.worldbook.com/wc/assets/around_world_gfx/paris_map02.gif http://www.theage.com.au/ffximage/2005/06/07/paris_view_wideweb__430x297.jpg

  21. Griffin & Ford - Latin American Model • Zone of maturity (better houses – colonial, paved streets, street lighting, good transport, schools and sewage.) • Zone of in situ accretion – mixed quality of housing, only main streets paved, some schools but not universal electricity. • Zone of peripheralsquatter settlements – makeshift shanty houses, high unemployment, poverty, no basic services (such as piped clean water, sewage, paved roads.)

  22. Sao Paulo, Brazil Wealthy live near CBD in high rises http://idol.union.edu/~micklasc/Brazil/new_pa1.jpg A favela is a squatter settlement or shanty town. It is also known as a barrio. They have few services, although some areas are quite well organized. 30% (L.Am) 60%+ (Africa) Poor live in favelas on the city perimeter

  23. Fès (Fez), Morocco • The old city has narrow winding streets and dense population. The French laid out a new district to the west with a geometric street pattern.

  24. Why do Inner Cities have Distinctive Problems? • Inner cities in the United States contain concentrations of low income people with a variety of physical, social, and economic problems very different from those faced by suburban residents.

  25. Inner City Physical Problems • Poor condition of housing as lower income families struggle to maintain homes • Filtering: subdivision of former wealthy homes into multiple dwellings for families – may be neglected by landlords and abandoned by families • Redlining: some banks draw red lines on a map to delimit areas where they refuse to lend money – illegal under Community Reinvestment Act

  26. Urban Renewal • Demolition of condemned buildings followed by reconstruction by private developers or public agencies • Public Housing has replaced many substandard dwellings • Public housing is reserved for lowincome households • US (2% of all dwellings); UK (30%+)

  27. Inner City Public Housing Projects http://tigger.uic.edu/depts/ahaa/imagebase/maclean/aerials3/087.JPEG

  28. Public Housing • 1950’s/60’s high rise housing projects have proven unsatisfactory for families: • Broken elevators • Juvenile gangs terrorizing families • High drug use and crime rate • More recently low rise apartments & row houses have replaced high rises • Scattered-site in which low-income housing is scattered throughout the city rather than clustered in a large project • Reduced supply of public housing despite increased demand

  29. Urban Renewal Case Study • A nonprofit organization called Mi Casa buys and renovates dilapidated city buildings and sells them at below-market rates to families of modest means. www.thisoldhouse.com

  30. Gentrification • In some cases, middle class people buy and renovate deteriorated inner city housing – gentrification • Houses are attractive • Larger, well-built homes, but cheaper • Character homes with architectural details • Close to downtown – lesser commute • Closer to theatres, cafes, restaurants • Grants offered by the City to renovate • DINKUM – no concerns about inner-city schools • BUT displaces lower income families who can no longer afford rentals in the area

  31. Inner City Social Problems • Poverty is the leading social issue • Underclass suffer from high rates of • Unemployment (lack of job skills & education) • Alcoholism (addiction & despondency) • Drug addiction (hopelessness) • Illiteracy (school drop outs) • Juvenile delinquency (territoriality) • Crime (sometimes gang related) • Homelessness (no job, family problems) • Ethnic & racial segregation (African American & Hispanics) • Schools are run-down & public amenities (clinics, hospitals, policing) are inadequate

  32. Inner City Economic Problems • Inner city residents cannot afford to pay the taxes required to support services • Cities can • Reduce some services to pay for others • Raise tax revenues by attracting redevelopment of luxury dwellings – drives lower income people away • Annexation – legally adding land to a city • Rural residents on city peripheries favoured annexation because of the improved public services – results in urban sprawl http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/mba/lowres/mban269l.jpg

  33. Why do Suburbs have Distinctive Problems? • USA, 1950 20% Americans suburbanized • 2000, 50% American suburbanized • Suburbs attractive • Single detached family dwellings • Larger lots with gardens for children • Space for parking • Cleaner air, quieter • Lower crime rates, safer

  34. Suburban Development-in the U.S. and U.K. New housing in the U.K. is likely to be in planned new towns, while in the U.S. growth occurs in discontinuous developments.

  35. Problems of Suburbs • The peripheral model • Density gradient • Density declines with increased distance from the city centre • Changed – decrease in density in CBD; increase in suburbs (subdivisions) • Cost of suburban sprawl • Competition for land; cost of infrastructure; loss of farmland; traffic pollution • Suburban segregation • Residents isolated from commercial & industrial areas; social class isolation; zoning ordinances separate land use functions

  36. Problems of Suburbs • Transportation and suburbanization • Motor vehicles • Dependence on cars; transportation networks and parking lots require land; traffic congestion; rush hour • Public transportation • Declined in public ridership in US (less convenient); LRT on the increase – subsidized & encouraged; low income can ill afford public transit to reach jobs in suburbs • Local government fragmentation (difficult to solve regional problems) • Metropolitan government (e.g.: CRD in Victoria – 14 municipalities; 1 federation) • Growing smart (Smart Growth) • Curb sprawl; reduce traffic congestion; reverse inner city decline • Achieved through urban in-filling; increasing densities; subdivisions; urban revitalization

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