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Warm-up Activity

Explore the pros and cons of moving west, the Civil War amendments, the Jim Crow era, and the impact of the westward movement, including the Transcontinental Railroad, Homestead Act, and industrial leaders. Discover the inventions that shaped the era and the rise of labor unions. Understand the effects of immigration and the contributions of immigrants during this transformative time in American history.

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Warm-up Activity

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  1. Warm-up Activity • You are a former southern soldier who is struggling to make ends meet. Your farm land was destroyed during the war and you don’t know how you are going to keep your family alive. Then you hear the Government is offering “free land” that’s right 160 acres if you were willing to move west. Would you take the risk? • With a partner make a list of pros and cons of moving west.

  2. Civil War Amendments • 13th – Abolished Slavery • 14th – Granted African-Americans citizenship. Forbid the denial of equal rights to all citizens. • 15th – Gave African-American males the right to vote.

  3. “Jim Crow Era” • Period 1880s – 1960s when Southern states required racial segregation in public schools, transportation and other public facilities. Plessy v. Furguson – Separate but equal

  4. Political rights denied African Americans during Jim Crow Era: • The Right to vote • The right to serve on juries. • Segregation: Separation of the races. In the South meant separation of whites and blacks

  5. Westward Movement Transcontinental Railroad Homestead Act Industrial Leaders Inventions

  6. Questions to be Answered? • What accomplishment intensifies westward movement? • What was the Homestead Act? • What is Social Darwinism? • What is the laissez-faire idea? • What is the Bessemer Process?

  7. Westward Movement • Completion of Transcontinental Railroad intensifies movement westward

  8. American Cowboy • Long cattle drives over hundreds of miles of unfenced land in the west • Cattle Kingdom

  9. Homestead Act of 1862 • Free public land in the west to settlers who would live on and farm the land • Many Southerners and African Americans

  10. West • New opportunities • New technologies (railroads, mechanical reaper) • As population grows in west, many new states added to Union • By early 20th century all the states that make up U.S. from Atlantic to Pacific had been admitted

  11. Growth of the Cities • Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburg, New York = grow rapidly as manufacturing and transportation centers • People lived in Slums • New York City: First Subway System

  12. Inventions and Inventors • Thomas Edison-Electric light bulb • Alexander Graham Bell- Telephone • Wright Brothers- Airplane • Henry Bessemer Steel Process- Convert iron into steel • Henry Ford- Assembly line manufacturing

  13. Economic Transformation • Laissez-Faire • Increasing labor supply: immigrants • Americas possession of wealth of natural resources and navigable rivers

  14. Industrial Leaders • Cornelius Vanderbilt- Railroads • J.P. Morgan- Finance • John D. Rockefeller- Oil • Andrew Carnegie- Steel

  15. Social Darwinism • The idea that the strongest, most clever, most efficient could compete in business • Carnegie and Rockefeller believed in this philosophy when dealing with business

  16. Sherman Anti Trust Act • Prevents any business structure that “restrains trade” (outlaws monopolies) • Examples: AT & T, and Microsoft

  17. Labor Unions • Knights of Labor • American Federation of Labor • American Railway Union

  18. Questions to be Answered? • What is the result of Unions? • Name the different Labor Unions and Strikes. • What were the effects of Industrialization.

  19. Industrialization

  20. Impact of Labor Unions • Demanded better working conditions • Problems with organizing • Different labor goals • Turnover ratio • Unions faced opposition from employers • Blacklists, troublemakers • Lockouts (hiring scabs)

  21. Problems w/ Unions • Problem with public image • Collective bargaining • Violence with strikers • Law enforcement sided with employers • Most Labor Strikes led to violence and the decline of the labor union.

  22. Knights of Labor • Organized all working people into one large union • Haymarket Square Riot- led to decline of Knights of Labor

  23. American Federation of Labor • Led by Samuel Gompers, organized skilled workers into separate unions • Homestead Strike – violence against hired police from striking workers

  24. American Railway Union • Industrial Union set up Eugene V. Debs • Pullman Strike – Federal government always sides with employers

  25. Result of Unions • Improvement of working conditions • Limited work hours

  26. Immigration 1870 - 1910 Immigrants Ellis Island Melting Pot

  27. Questions to be Answered? • What was the main reason immigrants came to America? • What was the major role of public school systems to the immigrants? • Why were immigrants resented? • What are political machines? • What was Old Immigration? • What was New Immigration?

  28. Immigration • Old Immigration – Northern and Western Europe: Great Britain, Ireland, Germany, Scandinavia (Norway & Sweden) • New Immigration – Southern and Eastern Europe: Russia, Italy, Poland, as well as Asia • Main reason for immigration – they were seeking freedom and better lives

  29. Immigrants Contributions • Irish and Chinese – transcontinental railroad • Textile and steel mills in the Northeast • Clothing industry in New York City • Slavs, Italians, poles – coal mines • They worked for low pay and in dangerous working conditions to help build the nations industrial strength

  30. Coming to America • Ellis Island – East Coast • Angel Island – West Coast • Statue of Liberty first view of America • Melting pot • Little Italy

  31. Public School System (essay) • Immigrants learn to read and write in English • Adopted American customs (holidays) • Became American Citizens • = Americanization

  32. Resentment Towards Immigrants • Immigrants would take jobs for less pay than American workers • Prejudice against Jews and Catholics

  33. Congress limits Immigration • Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 – suspended immigration from China for 10 years • Immigration Restriction Act of 1921 – limiting the number of immigrants allowed into the country • This cut off immigration to America for several decades ; however immigrants still contributed to American society

  34. The Gilded Age • Following the Civil War – American government took a turn towards the worse • Politicians were irresponsible, money was tainted • Thievery in office (graft), city governments • Political machines – controlled votes, courts, police

  35. Political Machines • Most notorious political machine was in New York City – Boss Tweed • He and his associates managed to steal millions from the city, from kickbacks • Promised immigrants jobs in return for their vote. • Thomas Nast , a political cartoonist, ridiculed Tweed

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