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The Emerging Biomass Economy An Overview

Mini-Symposium BIO-FUELS – SCIENTIFIC, ETHICAL AND ECONOMIC CHALLENGES The Manna Center for Plant Biosciences. May 15, 2007. The Emerging Biomass Economy An Overview . The Challenge. Humanity is faced with the critical challenge of reducing environmental impacts of energy use and production

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The Emerging Biomass Economy An Overview

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  1. Mini-Symposium BIO-FUELS – SCIENTIFIC, ETHICAL AND ECONOMIC CHALLENGESThe Manna Center for Plant Biosciences May 15, 2007 The Emerging Biomass Economy An Overview

  2. The Challenge Humanity is faced with the critical challenge of reducing environmental impacts of energy use and production The present energy matrix requires major changes

  3. What Challenges Does The Current Energy Matrix Present? • Confluence of critical vectors: • Environmental stress • Geopolitical problems • Macroeconomic model • What would be required: a consistent focus on environmental impacts, social problems and economic viabilities • The future energy matrix requires: • Increased reliance on renewable energy sources • High priority for the development and deployment of new energy technologies • Improved energy efficiency

  4. Transport Emissions by Country, 1990-2030 North America Europe Pacific Transition Economies China India Other Asia Middle East Latin America Africa Source: Stern Review Report (2006)

  5. Transport CO2 Emissions by Mode in 2000 Source: Stern Review Report (2006)

  6. World Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Vehicular Transportation • By substituting 36% of gasoline with ethanol by the year 2030, GHG emissions from gasoline-fueled vehicles could remain at the same level as in 2005 for avoided emissions of 1,545 million metric tons of CO2/year • In Brazil, 33.7% of gasoline had already been replaced by ethanol by 2005, representing avoided emissions of 22.3 million metric tons of CO2/year Note: 1. GHG Emissions in the Transport Sector: 5,743 million metric tons of CO2 or 14% of Total World Emissions** 2. Avoided emissions from biodiesel as substitute for petrodiesel could also contribute to GHG mitigation but at lower percent values * International Energy Agency projection ** Data from year 2000; Source: WRI 2004

  7. First Generation Biofuels • Ethanol • Currently made from two types of crops: • sugar-producing plants: sugarcane, sugar beet • grains: wheat, corn Biodiesel Group of esterified vegetable oils produced from oil-containing crops, most importantly canola, soybean, sunflower and palm oil

  8. Sugar Cane World MapCountries & Regions Source: British Sugar

  9. Promising Species for Biodiesel Production in Brazil Soybean: 400 liters/ha/yr Castor: 1,200 liters/ha/yr. Macaúba: 4,000 liters/ha/yr. Palm oil: 5,950 liters/ha/yr. Babaçú: 1,600 liters/ha/yr.

  10. Status of First-Generation BiofuelsCharacteristics and Cost * In development

  11. Intermediate Generation of BiofuelsUnder Implementation • In the wake of first-generation biofuels, other pathways are emerging based on other resources or processing methods • The objective is to diversify available resources while improving product quality • Intermediate generation reflects the growing importance of biofuels in the oil-dependent transport sector • Oil majors are moving into the biofuels market, historically dominated by agribusiness conglomerates • Avenues opened up by Petrobras (H Bio product), the Neste Oil (NextBtL product) and BP Dupont (Biobutanol product) should see development in the next few years because they allow biofuel technologies to benefit from economies of scale inherent to the oil industry

  12. Second-Generation BiofuelsUnder Advanced Development Second-Generation Biofuels use ligno-cellulosic biomass as raw material Ethanol production by means of hydrolysis • Processes such as Organosol Rapid Hydrolysis and Enzymatic Hydrolysis promise to sharply increase productivity without expanding planted areas • Cost reductions for ethanol from cellulose are projected, from 53 cents today to 27 cents post-2010 Biomass to Liquid (BTL) Technology • BTL technology is a thermochemical process by which a liquid synfuel is obtained from biomass trough three steps – biomass conditioning, gasification and of the motor fuel synthesis • The process has not reached the industrial stage to be considered economically competitive

  13. Possibilities for the Near FutureAlgae as Raw-Material for Biodiesel Production a For meeting 50% of all transport fuel needs of the United States b 70% oil (by weight) in biomass c 30% oil (by weight) in biomass Source: Chisti, Y. (2007)

  14. Possibilities for the Near FutureSustainable Hydrogen Production Alternative Processes for Hydrogen Production • Biogas — may be a hydrogen source with steam reforming or partial oxidation • Alcohols — ethanol and methanol derived from biomass are rich in hydrogen and may be reformed into hydrogen • Power — water electrolysis from electricity produced by hydro-power plants • Wood — pyrolysis technology to produce hydrogen from biomass

  15. Contact Israel Klabin President FBDS Board of Trustees ikla@fbds.org.br FBDS — Brazilian Foundation for Sustainable Development Rua Eng. Álvaro Niemeyer, 76 – São Conrado 22610-180 Rio de Janeiro – RJ BRAZIL Tel: +55 (21) 3322-4520 – Fax: +55 (21) 3322-5903 Site: www.fbds.org.br

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