PROTISTS

1. PROTISTS

2. What is a Protist? • Kingdom Protista=“Junk Drawer” Kingdom • Protists are eukaryotes that are not members of the Kingdoms Plantae, Animalia, or Fungi. • Protists are classified according to the way they obtain their nutrition. • Prefer to live in moist, aquatic conditions • EX: Heterotroph, Autotroph

3. Protists are either… • Animal-Like • Plant-Like • Fungus-Like

4. Animal-Like protists are called Protozoan's • Protozoa means “First Animals” • Able to move around • Unicellular (unlike animals) • Like Animals, these organisms are heterotrophs. * An organism that cannot synthesize its own food and is dependent on complex organic substances for nutrition.

5. How ProtistsMove!! • Flagella- long, whiplike projections that allow a cell to move.

6. Cilia- short hair-like projections similar to flagella. • Used to • Move • Obtain food • Sense the environment

7. Pseudopod- a temporary bulge of the cell membrane that fills with cytoplasm, means false foot. • Cytoplasm flows into the bulge and the rest of the organism follows.

8. Amoeboid movement • type of locomotion used by amoebas • Amoeba- an animal-like protists consisting of one cell that has no fixed shaped • Crawling movement of a cell brought about by the protrusion of pseudopods at the front of the cell.

9. Diseases associated with animal-like protists • Malaria • Infected mosquito bites a human, its saliva contains sporozites which enters the blood stream • Causes severe chills and fever

10. Plant-Like Protists= Algae • Unicellular & Multicellular Algae • Produce their own food by photosynthesis=Autotrophs • Classified by color • Red • Brown • Green

11. Human Uses of Algae • Algae are a major food source for life in the oceans. • Algae produce much of Earth's oxygen through photosynthesis. • Over the years, people have learned to use algae—and the chemicals produced by algae—in many different ways

12. Have you guys ever eaten algae??

13. Have you ever eaten ice cream, salad dressing, pudding, or a candy bar???? • Well then you have eaten algae!!!! YUM YUM!

14. Also, Chemicals from algae are used to make plastics, waxes, transistors, deodorants, paints, lubricants, and even artificial wood. • Useful in Scientific laboratories-used to make agar

15. Fungus-Like Protists • Like fungi, the fungus-like protists are heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter. But unlike most true fungi, fungus-like protists have centrioles. • They also lack the chitin cell walls of true fungi and are able to move at some point in their lives. • Reproduce by forming spores • EX: cellular slime molds, the acellular slime molds, and the water molds.

16. Fungus-Like Protist Examples • Cellular slime mold Water Mold

17. The Kingdom Fungi • Fungi are eukaryoticheterotrophs that have cell walls. • Plant-Like but without chlorophyll • Can be either 1. Parasite- Feeds on living organisms 2. Saprophyte- Feeds on dead or decaying matter • The cell walls of fungi are made up of chitin, a complex carbohydrate that is also found in the exoskeleton of insects.

18. Structure and Function of Fungi • Unicellular(Yeast) and Multicellular • Composed of thin filaments called hyphae • Each hyphae is only one cell thick. • In some fungi, cross walls divide the hyphae into cells containing one or two nuclei.

19. The bodies of multicellular fungi are composed of many hyphae tangled together into a thick mass called a mycelium. • Fruiting Body-the visible part of the mushroom above the soil; the reproductive structure growing from the mycelium

20. How do fungi obtain their food? • Fungi donot ingest their food 1. Hyphae grow into food source 2. Hyphae give off digestive chemicals/enzymes 3. Hyphae absorb nutrients

21. Fungus Examples • 1. Sporangium Fungi • Molds • 2. Club Fungi • Mushrooms • 3. Sac Fungi • Yeast

22. Molds • Sporangium Fungi • Prefer to grow in warm and moist places • Produces spores called sporangia • Obtains food by • Hyphae-grow into and on food-absorbs water, minerals and food • Hyphae release enzymes which digest food and permit it to be absorbed

23. Mold

24. Bread Mold

25. Mushrooms • Club Fungi • EX: Mushrooms, puffballs and bracket fungi • Produces spores in a club shaped structure • Some parasitic, most live on dead and decaying matter • Enzymes released digest organic matter • Mushroom= mass of hyphae • Most of the mushroom is underground

26. Diagram of Mushrooms

27. Types of Club Fungi

28. Yeast • Unicellular Fungi • Yeast is used in baking and brewing • Spores produced in sac called ascus • Yeast reproduce by budding • Asexual Reproduction • Nuclear material replicates itself • The nucleus splits and separates into two parts of the cell • One side of the cell pulls out starting to form the bud • The bud is formed and separation of cells begins to take place

29. Budding Yeast

30. Reproduction • Most fungi reproduce both asexually and sexually • Produce fruiting bodies that contain spores. • Fruiting bodies vary in appearance • <<--- Fruiting Body

31. How fungi spread • Spores scatter easily in the wind. • In order for the spores to germinate, they must have a proper combination of temperature, moisture and food so the spores can grow.

32. Edible and Inedible mushrooms • Mushrooms found in the supermarket=good • Most mushrooms found on the ground are considered poisonous which could cause severe illness or death.

33. Fungi as decomposers • Fungi play an essential role in maintaining equilibrium in nearly every ecosystem, where they recycle nutrients by breaking down the bodies and wastes of other organisms.

34. Fungi as parasites • Parasitic fungi cause serious plant, animal and human diseases.

35. Human Diseases From Fungus • Athletes foot- fungus which causes dry, itchy skin on feet • The fungus forms mycelium directly within the outer layers of the skin • Produces a red sore from which the spores can easily spread from person to person • Ringworm • Produces a red scaling sore • Not a worm at all!

36. WEIRD STUFF! • Grasshopper Infected by a Fungus. Once the fungus's tiny spore enters the insect's body, it multiplies rapidly and digests body tissues. The structures growing out of the grasshopper's body are the fungus's fruiting bodies.

37. Symbiotic Relationships • Some fungi form symbiotic relationships in which both partners benefit. • Two such mutualistic associations, lichens and mycorrhizae, are essential to many ecosystems.

38. Lichens • A fungus and an algae that live in a mutualistic relationship • Fungus gets food from the algae • The algae get water and minerals from fungus