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Work, Life and Leisure Cities in the Contemporary World. Main Topics. I. General Aspects about the Cities Social Condition of Calcutta city based on the novel written by Durgacharan Ray Historical period- Development of the cities Characteristics of the Cities Metropolis.
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Main Topics I. General Aspects about the Cities • Social Condition of Calcutta city based on the novel written by Durgacharan Ray • Historical period- Development of the cities • Characteristics of the Cities • Metropolis
II. London City in 18th century • Earliest Industrial cities in England • Formation of City • Population structure of London city • Gareth Stedman Jones’s opinion about London • Five different types of Industries • Marginal groups • Accommodation facility • Cleaning of London City • Transportation in London City • Social Life in the London City • Political Life in the London City
III. Bombay City • Formation of Bombay City • Bombay- the prime city • Work in the Bombay city • Accommodation facility in Bombay City • Expansion of Bombay City IV. Cities and the Challenges of the Environment
Social condition of Calcutta city in 19th century based on Durgacharan Ray Novel “DebganerMartyeAagaman • In 1880, he wrote a novel “DebganerMartyeAagaman (The God visit Earth) • Through his novel he had tried to depict the social condition of the Calcutta city in 19th century. • During that time Calcutta was the center of Education, Job opportunities, trade and commerce.
Positive Aspects Negative Aspects • Train and Ships • Factories and Bridges • Monuments • Shops with wide range of commodities • Centre of trade and commerce • Centre of Job opportunities and Education • Cheats and Thieves • Grinding Poverty • Poor quality housing • Discriminations based on Caste, Gender and Religion
Historical process caused for the formation of Modern Cities • Modern Cities were developed before 200 years back. • Different historical periods had shaped the Modern cities like • Industrial Capitalism • Colonialism • Democratic Ideas
Characteristics of the Cities • Most of the ancient cities were developed on the bank of the river valleys (Ur, Nippur and Mohenjodaro • Cities were often the centres of Political power, administrative network, trade and industry, religious institution and intellectual activity. • Cities are very greatly in size and complexity. • Metropolis are the centres of political and economic function for an entire region and very large population.
Metropolis & Urbanization A large, densely populated city of a country or state, often the capital of the region Development of a city or town
Earliest Industrial cities in England • The Leeds and Manchester were the earliest Industrial cities in England. • It attracted large number of migrants to the textile mills set up in the 18th century • In 1851- more than three- quarters of adults were lived in the Manchester city.
Gareth Stedman Jones and his opinion about London city • He was a great historian he had stated that the 19th century London city was • The city of clerks and shopkeepers • Small masters and skilled artisans • Semi skilled and sweated outworkers • Soldiers and servants • Casual labourersand street sellers • The city of Beggers
Five industries developed in London City in 19th century • Clothing and Footwear • Wood and Furniture • Metals and Engineering • Printing and Stationary • Precision products like surgical instruments, watches and objects of precious metals (During the First World War London had produced motor cars and electrical goods)
Marginal Groups in London • Criminals: • As London grew, crimes flourished. • In 1870- 20,000 criminals were lived in London • The police were worried about the Law and order • Philanthropist were worried about public morality • Industrialist wanted a hard working and orderly labour force • So population of criminals was counted, their activities were watched and ways of life were investigated. • In an attempt to discipline the population, the authorities imposed high penalties for crimes and offered work to those who were considered the deserving poor.
2. Woman: • As a result of the technological development the women gradually lost their industrial jobs and were forced to work within household. • Large number of women used their homes to increase their family income by taking in lodgers or through such activities as tailoring, washing and matchbox making
3. Child Labour • Large number of children were pushed into low paid work often by their parents. • Andrew Mearns, a clergyman wrote “The Bitter Cry Outcast London in 1880 showed why crime was more profitable than low wages work. • The Compulsory Elementary Education Act in 1870 and Factory Act in 1902, that children were kept out of industrial work
What was the reason the Industrialist started to provide the accommodation for the Migrants • Initially the Factory or Workshop owners did not provided the house to the migrants. • The individual land owners put up cheap, unsafe tenements were provided for the new arrivals. • In 1887, Charles Booth conducted the first social survey and he pointed out that needed 400,000 rooms for to provide the accommodation for the poor citizens.
After a period of time the industrialists starts to provide the accommodation because of certain reasons • One room houses seen as serious threat to public health because it was overcrowded, badly ventilated and lacked sanitation) • Worried about fire hazards • Fear of social disorder, especially after the Russian revolution in 1917.
Which are the major steps had initiated for the Cleaning of London city • Created decongest localities, open green spaces, reduced pollution and sustained the landscape of the city. • Large blocks Apartments were made. • Green Belt around the London City. • Ebenezer Howard an architect and planner developed the principle of Garden City • A pleasant space full of plants and trees, where people would both live and work
He believed that it would help for to produce the better quality citizens • Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker designed the garden city of New Earswick with common garden space, beautiful views. • Between the two world war period millions of houses were constructed in London, most of them were single family cottage
Transportation faculty in London city • The first section of the Underground in the World opened on 10 January 1863 between Paddington to Farrington. • At first the people were afraid to travel under ground railway because of the fear of suffocation. • The under ground railway caused the massive displacement of the poor people. • Charles Dickens wrote in his novel Dombey and Son about the massive displacements. • For the construction of two miles, 900 houses were destroyed • Gradually, the underground railway became huge success and most of the metropolis like New York, Tokyo and Chicago
Temperance Movement A largely middle class led social reform movement which emerged in Britain and America from the 19th century onwards. It identified the alcoholism as the cause of the ruin of families and society, and aimed at reducing the consumption of alcoholic drinks particularly among the working class.
