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Sound Art

Sound Art. History of Western Music.

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Sound Art

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  1. Sound Art

  2. History of Western Music 1685Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frederick Handel are born. They become principal classical composers of the Baroque period. Bach, who fathers 20 children, explores musical forms associated with the church and Handel works as a dramatic composer.1689Henry Purcell's Dido and Aeneas opens in London.1703Vivaldi becomes violin master at Venice's La Pieta orphanage. He writes more then 400 concertos for La Pieta in his 35-year service there.1705Reinhard Keiser uses French horns for the first time in opera in his production of Octavia.1725Vivaldi writes The Four Seasons.1733The comic opera, La Serva Padrona, from Battista Pergolesi's serious opera Il Prigionier Superbo, wows Europe with its humorous story and enchanting music.1735Handel produces his last great operatic success, Alcina, which features dancer Marie Salle.1742Handel's Messiah premieres in Dublin to an enthusiastic audience.1750Bach dies. The end of the Baroque period is often seen in conjunction with his death. The highly ornate style of the Baroque period gives rise to the more simple, clarified styles of the Classical period, which sees the emergence of symphonies and string quartets.1761Franz Joseph Haydn becomes Vice-Kapellmeister to the Esterhazy family and Kapellmeister in 1766. Though living virtually as a slave to the family, he had at his disposal an impressive orchestra. During his 30-year service to the family, he completes 108 symphonies, 68 string quartets, 47 piano sonatas, 26 operas, 4 oratorios and hundreds of smaller pieces.1762Christoph Willibald von Glück sets out to reform opera with his Orfeo ed Euridice. He wants to restore opera to what the original composers intended it to be—an art form marked by high drama, few recitatives and orchestral set-pieces.1786Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro premieres in Vienna.1787Mozart's Don Giovanni debuts in Prague.1797Franz Peter Schubert is born in Vienna. Though many musicians make Vienna their home, Schubert is the only one to be born there.1803Beethoven produces his third symphony, Eröica. This piece marks the beginning of the Romantic period, in which the formality of the Classical period is replaced by subjectivity.1807Beethoven completes his Symphony No. 5, which many consider to be the most popular classical work ever written.1810Robert Schumann is born in Germany.1815Schubert writes “Der Erlkönig,” his first public success and most famous song.1816Gioacchino Rossini's The Barber of Seville, based on Pierre Beaumarchais's play, debuts in Rome. His Otello opens in Naples.1818Beethoven's hearing has deteriorated so badly that he no longer can hear the piano and must communicate with conversation books.1821Carl Maria von Weber's Der Freischutz debuts in Berlin, and he becomes the master of German opera.1826Mendelssohn writes the overture to A Midsummer Night's Dream, which debuts in Stettin in 1827.1832Schumann's career as a pianist is over as one of his fingers becomes paralyzed.1839The New York Philharmonic is established.1851Verdi's Rigoletto debuts in Venice.1853Richard Wagner publishes the librettos to Der Ring des Nibelungen (The Ring Cycle): Das Rheingold, Die Walküre, Seigfried and Die Götterdämerung. The Ring Cycle is considered one of the most ambitious musical projects ever undertaken by a single person.1854Liszt conducts the first performance of his symphonic poems in Weimar. The symphonic poem is an orchestral work, often in one movement, and is usually based on a literary idea. Liszt is credited with creating the genre. His symphonic poems include Orpheus, Les Preludes and Mazeppa.c. 1860The slave trade introduces West African rhythms, work songs, chants and spirituals to America, which strongly influence blues and jazz.Gustav Mahler is born in Bohemia.1871Verdi's Aïda premieres in Cairo.1874Verdi's Requiem, his most respected work, premieres in Milan.1876Tchaikovsky completes Swan Lake. It opens in 1877 at Moscow's Bolshoi Theatre.Wagner's The Ring Cycle is performed in full at the Bayreuth Festival. The opera house was built to accomodate Wagner's works.Johannes Brahms completes his First Symphony. Twenty years in the making, the symphony received mixed reviews but would become one of the most popular ever written.1877Thomas Edison invents sound recording.Camille Saint-Saën's Samson et Dalila debuts in Weimar.1878Thomas Edison patents the phonograph.1880John Paine's symphony, In Spring, debuts in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is the first American symphony published in the United States.Tchaikovsky writes the 1812 Overture, commemorating Russia's defeat of Napoleon.1881The Boston Symphony Orchestra is established.1882The Berlin Philharmonic is established.1883The Metropolitan Opera House opens in New York.1885Gilbert and Sullivan finish The Mikado, which premieres in London.1888Strauss writes the symphonic poem, Don Juan, which brings him international fame.1890Tchaikovsky's The Sleeping Beauty debuts in St. Petersburg.1891Carnegie Hall opens in New York.1893Dvorak composes his best and most popular work, From the New World.1896Ragtime, a combination of West Indian rhythm and European musical form, is born.1900Jean Sibelius's Finlandia premieres in Helsinki.1901Mahler's Fourth Symphony, his most popular, debuts in Munich.1902Claude Debussy introduces impressionism to music in Pelléas and Mélisande at the Opéra Comique in Paris.1904The London Symphony Orchestra is established.1908A major change in classical-music style comes about with the release of Arnold Schoenberg's Book of Hanging Gardens. The harmony and tonality characteristic of classical music are replaced by dissonance, creating what many listeners consider to be noise.1910Igor Stravinsky completes The Firebird for Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. Stravinsky will become one of the greatest composers of the 20th century.1911Strauss's Der Rosenkavalier premieres in Dresden.1913Billboard magazine publishes a list of the most popular vaudeville songs. It's the predecessor to their trademark charts.1916Charles Ives finishes his Fourth Symphony, his defining piece.1919After moving from its southern rural roots, jazz establishes Chicago as its capital. The city will become home to such jazz greats as trumpeter Louis Armstrong and pianist Jelly Roll Morton.1923“Queen of the Blues” Bessie Smith records her first song, “Down Hearted Blues,” which becomes an immediate success.1924The Juilliard School opens in New York.Maurice Ravel's Bolero opens in Paris.George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue premieres in New York.1925Alban Berg's Wozzeck opens in Berlin.1932Jazz composer Duke Ellington writes “It Don't Mean a Thing, If It Ain't Got That Swing,” a song that presaged the swing era of the 1930s and 1940s.1933Laurens Hammond introduces his Hammond organ.1936Electric guitars debut.1937Bela Bartok's masterpiece, Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta, premieres in Basel.The Glenn Miller Band debuts in New York.1938Roy Acuff joins the Grand Ole Opry and brings national recognition to the Nashville-based radio program.1942Bing Crosby releases "White Christmas," from the film Holiday Inn. The song goes on to be the all-time, top-selling song from a film.RCA Victor sprays gold over Glenn Miller's million-copy-seller Chattanooga Choo Choo, creating the first "gold record."1945Benjamin Britten's Peter Grimes premieres in London, which signals the rebirth of British opera.1948Columbia Records introduces the 33 1/3 LP (“long playing”) record at New York's Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. It allows listeners to enjoy an unprecedented 25 minutes of music per side, compared to the four minutes per side of the standard 78 rpm record.194945 rpm records are sold in the U.S.1951In an effort to introduce rhythm and blues to a broader white audience, which was hesitant to embrace “black music,” disc jockey Alan Freed uses the term rock 'n' roll to describe R&B.Elliott Carter composes his String Quartet No. 1 and becomes a leading avant-garde composer of the 20th century.1954Bill Haley and the Comets begin writing hit songs. As a white band using black-derived forms, they venture into rock 'n' roll.Pierre Boulez completes Le Marteau Sans Maître (The Hammer Without a Master).1956With many hit singles (including “Heartbreak Hotel”), Elvis Presley emerges as one of the world's first rock stars. The gyrating rocker enjoys fame on the stages of the Milton Berle, Steve Allen and Ed Sullivan shows, as well as in the first of his many movies, Love Me Tender.1957Leonard Bernstein completes West Side Story.1958Billboard debuts its Hot 100 chart. Ricky Nelson's "Poor Little Fool" boasts the first No. 1 record.Elvis Presley is inducted into the U.S. Army (March 24).1959The National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences sponsors the first Grammy Award ceremony for music recorded in 1958.Frank Sinatra wins his first Grammy Award -- Best Album for Come Dance with Me.1960John Coltrane forms his own quartet and becomes the voice of jazz's New Wave movement.1961Patsy Cline releases “I Fall to Pieces” and “Crazy.” The success of the songs help her cross over from country to pop.1963A wave of Beatlemania hits the U.K. The Beatles, a British band composed of John Lennon, George Harrison, Ringo Starr and Paul McCartney, take Britain by storm.The Rolling Stones emerge as the anti-Beatles, with an aggressive, blues-derived style.1964Folk musician Bob Dylan becomes increasingly popular during this time of social protest with songs expressing objection to the condition of American society.The Beatles appear on The Ed Sullivan Show.1967The Beatles release their break-through concept album, Sergeant Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.Psychedelic bands such as The Grateful Dead and Jefferson Airplane enjoy great success during this period with songs celebrating the counterculture of the '60s.1969In August, more than half a million people attend the Woodstock music festival in Bethel, N.Y. (near Woodstock, N.Y.) Performers include Janis Joplin; Jimi Hendrix; The Who; Joan Baez; Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young; Jefferson Airplane; and Sly and the Family Stone.A Rolling Stones fan is killed at the group's Altamont, California, concert by members of the Hell's Angels.1970The Beatles break up. By the end of the year, each member had released a solo album.1971Jim Morrison dies in Paris at age 27 (July 3).The Allman Brothers' Duane Allman dies in a motorcycle accident at age 24. (Oct. 29).1972Women dominate the 1971 Grammy Awards, taking all four top categories. Carole King won Record, Album and Song of the Year, while Carly Simon takes the Best New Artist award.1973The Jamaican film The Harder They Come, starring Jimmy Cliff, launches the popularity of reggae music in the United States.1974Patti Smith releases what is considered to be the first punk rock single, “Hey Joe.” Punk roars out of Britain during the late-'70s, with bands such as the Sex Pistols and the Clash expressing nihilistic and anarchistic views in response to a lack of opportunity in Britain, boredom, and antipathy for the bland music of the day.1976Philip Glass completes Einstein on the Beach, the first widely known example of minimalist composition.1977Saturday Night Fever sparks the disco inferno.Elvis Presley dies at Graceland, his Memphis, Tenn. home. He was 42.1978Sony introduces the Walkman, the first portable stereo.1979The Sugar Hill Gang releases the first commercial rap hit, “Rapper's Delight,” bringing rap off the New York streets and into the popular music scene. Rap originated in the mid 1970s as rhyme spoken over an instrumental track provided by snatches of music from records. Over the decades, rap becomes one of the most important commercial and artistic branches of pop music.1980John Lennon of the Beatles shot dead in New York City.1981MTV goes on the air running around the clock music videos, debuting with “Video Killed the Radio Star.”1982Michael Jackson releases Thriller, which sells more than 25 million copies, becoming the biggest-selling album in history.1983With the introduction of noise-free compact discs, the vinyl record begins a steep decline.1984Led by Bob Geldof, the band Band Aid releases "Do They Know It's Christmas," with proceeds of the single going to feed the starving in Africa.1985Madonna launches her first road show, the Virgin Tour.Dozens of top-name musicians and bands perform at the Live Aid concerts in Philadelphia and London. The shows benefit African famine victims.1987Though African, Latin American,and other genres of international music have been around for centuries, a group of small, London-based labels coin the term “world music,” which helps record sellers find rack space for the eclectic music.1988CDs outsell vinyl records for the first time.1990Euro dance band Milli Vanilli admits to lip-synching hits such as "Girl You Know Its True," and has its Grammy award revoked.1991Seattle band Nirvana releases the song “Smells Like Teen Spirit” on the LP Nevermind and enjoys national success. With Nirvana's hit comes the grunge movement, which is characterized by distorted guitars, dispirited vocals,and lots of flannel.1992Compact discs surpass cassette tapes as the preferred medium for recorded music.1994Woodstock '94 commemorates the original weekend-long concert. Green Day and Nine Inch Nails join Woodstock veterans including Santana and Joe Cocker.1995The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Museum opens in Cleveland. Renowned architect I. M. Pei designed the ultra-modern, 150,000 square-foot building.Grateful Dead frontman Jerry Garcia dies.1996Janet Jackson becomes the highest-paid musician in history when she signs an $80-million deal with Virgin Records.Jazz great Ella Fitzgerald dies.1998Legendary crooner Frank Sinatra dies of a heart attack at age 82.The first MP3 player is introduced, the Saehan/Eiger Labs F10/F20.1999The merger of two major recording labels, Universal and Polygram, causes upheaval in the recording industry. It is estimated that the new company, Universal Music Group, controls 25% of the worldwide music market.Woodstock '99 kicks off in Rome, N.Y. Concertgoers complain that the spirit of the original Woodstock has been compromised and commercialized.Napster, the first widely used peer-to-peer file-sharing program, is introduced. At one point, the service is home to more than 24 million users.2001Apple introduces the iPod, which goes on to revolutionize the music industry and the way music is sold. As of late 2006, 70 million iPods had been sold and consumers had purchased some 1 billion songs from the iTunes digital music store.2002Bruce Springsteen begins The Rising tour, visiting 46 different arenas in 46 different cities. The tour later stops at stadiums across the world and includes 10 consecutive shows at New Jersey’s Giants Stadium.2005In May, Live 8 is hosted at ten different sites around the world in an attempt to raise poverty awareness prior to July’s G8 conference. The free event is highlighted by a reunion of the original Pink Floyd lineup. It is the first time the band has played together in 24 years.2006“The Godfather of Soul” James Brown dies of heart failure on December 25th at age 73.Nearly 800 different record stores, including all Tower Records retailers, close their doors as the industry sees a seventh-straight year of declining sales largely attributed to the increase in sales of digital music.2007After years of consolidation, 70% of the world’s music is sold by one of four companies: Universal, Sony BMG, EMI, and Warner. All of these companies are part of large media conglomerates.The Rolling Stone’s multi-year A Bigger Bang tour surpasses U2’s Vertigo tour to become the top-grossing tour of all time, earning $437 million.

  3. History of Western Music, 1685 - 1904 1685Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frederick Handel are born. They become principal classical composers of the Baroque period. Bach, who fathers 20 children, explores musical forms associated with the church and Handel works as a dramatic composer.1689Henry Purcell's Dido and Aeneas opens in London.1703Vivaldi becomes violin master at Venice's La Pieta orphanage. He writes more then 400 concertos for La Pieta in his 35-year service there.1705Reinhard Keiser uses French horns for the first time in opera in his production of Octavia.1725Vivaldi writes The Four Seasons.1733The comic opera, La Serva Padrona, from Battista Pergolesi's serious opera Il Prigionier Superbo, wows Europe with its humorous story and enchanting music.1735Handel produces his last great operatic success, Alcina, which features dancer Marie Salle.1742Handel's Messiah premieres in Dublin to an enthusiastic audience.1750Bach dies. The end of the Baroque period is often seen in conjunction with his death. The highly ornate style of the Baroque period gives rise to the more simple, clarified styles of the Classical period, which sees the emergence of symphonies and string quartets.1761Franz Joseph Haydn becomes Vice-Kapellmeister to the Esterhazy family and Kapellmeister in 1766. Though living virtually as a slave to the family, he had at his disposal an impressive orchestra. During his 30-year service to the family, he completes 108 symphonies, 68 string quartets, 47 piano sonatas, 26 operas, 4 oratorios and hundreds of smaller pieces.1762Christoph Willibald von Glück sets out to reform opera with his Orfeo ed Euridice. He wants to restore opera to what the original composers intended it to be—an art form marked by high drama, few recitatives and orchestral set-pieces.1786Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro premieres in Vienna.1787Mozart's Don Giovanni debuts in Prague.1797Franz Peter Schubert is born in Vienna. Though many musicians make Vienna their home, Schubert is the only one to be born there.1803Beethoven produces his third symphony, Eröica. This piece marks the beginning of the Romantic period, in which the formality of the Classical period is replaced by subjectivity.1807Beethoven completes his Symphony No. 5, which many consider to be the most popular classical work ever written.1810Robert Schumann is born in Germany.1815Schubert writes “Der Erlkönig,” his first public success and most famous song.1816Gioacchino Rossini's The Barber of Seville, based on Pierre Beaumarchais's play, debuts in Rome. His Otello opens in Naples.1818Beethoven's hearing has deteriorated so badly that he no longer can hear the piano and must communicate with conversation books.1821Carl Maria von Weber's Der Freischutz debuts in Berlin, and he becomes the master of German opera.1826Mendelssohn writes the overture to A Midsummer Night's Dream, which debuts in Stettin in 1827.1832Schumann's career as a pianist is over as one of his fingers becomes paralyzed.1839The New York Philharmonic is established.1851Verdi's Rigoletto debuts in Venice.1853 Richard Wagner publishes the librettos to Der Ring des Nibelungen (The Ring Cycle): Das Rheingold, Die Walküre, Seigfried and Die Götterdämerung. The Ring Cycle is considered one of the most ambitious musical projects ever undertaken by a single person.1854Liszt conducts the first performance of his symphonic poems in Weimar. The symphonic poem is an orchestral work, often in one movement, and is usually based on a literary idea. Liszt is credited with creating the genre. His symphonic poems include Orpheus, Les Preludes and Mazeppa.c. 1860The slave trade introduces West African rhythms, work songs, chants and spirituals to America, which strongly influence blues and jazz. Gustav Mahler is born in Bohemia.1871Verdi's Aïda premieres in Cairo.1874Verdi's Requiem, his most respected work, premieres in Milan.1876Tchaikovsky completes Swan Lake. It opens in 1877 at Moscow's Bolshoi Theatre.Wagner's The Ring Cycle is performed in full at the Bayreuth Festival. The opera house was built to accomodate Wagner's works. Johannes Brahms completes his First Symphony. Twenty years in the making, the symphony received mixed reviews but would become one of the most popular ever written.1877Thomas Edison invents sound recording. Camille Saint-Saën's Samson et Dalila debuts in Weimar.1878Thomas Edison patents the phonograph.1880John Paine's symphony, In Spring, debuts in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is the first American symphony published in the United States.Tchaikovsky writes the 1812 Overture, commemorating Russia's defeat of Napoleon.1881The Boston Symphony Orchestra is established.1882The Berlin Philharmonic is established.1883The Metropolitan Opera House opens in New York.1885Gilbert and Sullivan finish The Mikado, which premieres in London.1888Strauss writes the symphonic poem, Don Juan, which brings him international fame.1890Tchaikovsky's The Sleeping Beauty debuts in St. Petersburg.1891Carnegie Hall opens in New York.1893Dvorak composes his best and most popular work, From the New World.1896Ragtime, a combination of West Indian rhythm and European musical form, is born.1900Jean Sibelius's Finlandia premieres in Helsinki.1901Mahler's Fourth Symphony, his most popular, debuts in Munich.1902Claude Debussy introduces impressionism to music in Pelléas and Mélisande at the Opéra Comique in Paris.1904The London Symphony Orchestra is established.1908A major change in classical-music style comes about with the release of Arnold Schoenberg's Book of Hanging Gardens. The harmony and tonality characteristic of classical music are replaced by dissonance, creating what many listeners consider to be noise

  4. History of Western Music, 1910 - 1972 1910Igor Stravinsky completes The Firebird for Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. Stravinsky will become one of the greatest composers of the 20th century.1911Strauss's Der Rosenkavalier premieres in Dresden.1913Billboard magazine publishes a list of the most popular vaudeville songs. It's the predecessor to their trademark charts.1916Charles Ives finishes his Fourth Symphony, his defining piece.1919 After moving from its southern rural roots, jazz establishes Chicago as its capital. The city will become home to such jazz greats as trumpeter Louis Armstrong and pianist Jelly Roll Morton.1923“Queen of the Blues” Bessie Smith records her first song, “Down Hearted Blues,” which becomes an immediate success.1924The Juilliard School opens in New York. Maurice Ravel's Bolero opens in Paris. George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue premieres in New York.1925Alban Berg's Wozzeck opens in Berlin.1932Jazz composer Duke Ellington writes “It Don't Mean a Thing, If It Ain't Got That Swing,” a song that presaged the swing era of the 1930s and 1940s.1933Laurens Hammond introduces his Hammond organ.1936Electric guitars debut.1937Bela Bartok's masterpiece, Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta, premieres in Basel. The Glenn Miller Band debuts in New York.1938Roy Acuff joins the Grand Ole Opry and brings national recognition to the Nashville-based radio program.1942 Bing Crosby releases "White Christmas," from the film Holiday Inn. The song goes on to be the all-time, top-selling song from a film. RCA Victor sprays gold over Glenn Miller's million-copy-seller Chattanooga Choo Choo, creating the first "gold record."1945Benjamin Britten's Peter Grimes premieres in London, which signals the rebirth of British opera.1948Columbia Records introduces the 33 1/3 LP (“long playing”) record at New York's Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. It allows listeners to enjoy an unprecedented 25 minutes of music per side, compared to the four minutes per side of the standard 78 rpm record.194945 rpm records are sold in the U.S.1951In an effort to introduce rhythm and blues to a broader white audience, which was hesitant to embrace “black music,” disc jockey Alan Freed uses the term rock 'n' roll to describe R&B. Elliott Carter composes his String Quartet No. 1 and becomes a leading avant-garde composer of the 20th century.1954Bill Haley and the Comets begin writing hit songs. As a white band using black-derived forms, they venture into rock 'n' roll. Pierre Boulez completes Le Marteau Sans Maître (The Hammer Without a Master).1956With many hit singles (including “Heartbreak Hotel”), Elvis Presley emerges as one of the world's first rock stars. The gyrating rocker enjoys fame on the stages of the Milton Berle, Steve Allen and Ed Sullivan shows, as well as in the first of his many movies, Love Me Tender.1957Leonard Bernstein completes West Side Story.1958Billboard debuts its Hot 100 chart. Ricky Nelson's "Poor Little Fool" boasts the first No. 1 record. Elvis Presley is inducted into the U.S. Army (March 24).1959The National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences sponsors the first Grammy Award ceremony for music recorded in 1958.Frank Sinatra wins his first Grammy Award -- Best Album for Come Dance with Me.1960John Coltrane forms his own quartet and becomes the voice of jazz's New Wave movement.1961Patsy Cline releases “I Fall to Pieces” and “Crazy.” The success of the songs help her cross over from country to pop.1963A wave of Beatlemania hits the U.K. The Beatles, a British band composed of John Lennon, George Harrison, Ringo Starr and Paul McCartney, take Britain by storm.The Rolling Stones emerge as the anti-Beatles, with an aggressive, blues-derived style.1964Folk musician Bob Dylan becomes increasingly popular during this time of social protest with songs expressing objection to the condition of American society. The Beatles appear on The Ed Sullivan Show.1967The Beatles release their break-through concept album, Sergeant Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. Psychedelic bands such as The Grateful Dead and Jefferson Airplane enjoy great success during this period with songs celebrating the counterculture of the '60s.1969In August, more than half a million people attend the Woodstock music festival in Bethel, N.Y. (near Woodstock, N.Y.) Performers include Janis Joplin; Jimi Hendrix; The Who; Joan Baez; Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young; Jefferson Airplane; and Sly and the Family Stone. A Rolling Stones fan is killed at the group's Altamont, California, concert by members of the Hell's Angels.1970 The Beatles break up. By the end of the year, each member had released a solo album.1971Jim Morrison dies in Paris at age 27 (July 3).The Allman Brothers' Duane Allman dies in a motorcycle accident at age 24. (Oct. 29).1972 Women dominate the 1971 Grammy Awards, taking all four top categories. Carole King won Record, Album and Song of the Year, while Carly Simon takes the Best New Artist award.1973 The Jamaican film The Harder They Come, starring Jimmy Cliff, launches the popularity of reggae music in the United States.

  5. History of Western Music, 1972 - 2007 Smith releases what is considered to be the first punk rock single, “Hey Joe.” Punk roars out of Britain during the late-'70s, with bands such as the Sex Pistols and the Clash expressing nihilistic and anarchistic views in response to a lack of opportunity in Britain, boredom, and antipathy for the bland music of the day.1976Philip Glass completes Einstein on the Beach, the first widely known example of minimalist composition.1977Saturday Night Fever sparks the disco inferno. Elvis Presley dies at Graceland, his Memphis, Tenn. home. He was 42.1978Sony introduces the Walkman, the first portable stereo.1979The Sugar Hill Gang releases the first commercial rap hit, “Rapper's Delight,” bringing rap off the New York streets and into the popular music scene. Rap originated in the mid 1970s as rhyme spoken over an instrumental track provided by snatches of music from records. Over the decades, rap becomes one of the most important commercial and artistic branches of pop music.1980John Lennon of the Beatles shot dead in New York City.1981MTV goes on the air running around the clock music videos, debuting with “Video Killed the Radio Star.”1982Michael Jackson releases Thriller, which sells more than 25 million copies, becoming the biggest-selling album in history.1983With the introduction of noise-free compact discs, the vinyl record begins a steep decline.1984Led by Bob Geldof, the band Band Aid releases "Do They Know It's Christmas," with proceeds of the single going to feed the starving in Africa.1985Madonna launches her first road show, the Virgin Tour. Dozens of top-name musicians and bands perform at the Live Aid concerts in Philadelphia and London. The shows benefit African famine victims.1987Though African, Latin American, and other genres of international music have been around for centuries, a group of small, London-based labels coin the term “world music,” which helps record sellers find rack space for the eclectic music.1988CDs outsell vinyl records for the first time.1990Euro dance band Milli Vanilli admits to lip-synching hits such as "Girl You Know Its True," and has its Grammy award revoked.1991Seattle band Nirvana releases the song “Smells Like Teen Spirit” on the LP Nevermind and enjoys national success. With Nirvana's hit comes the grunge movement, which is characterized by distorted guitars, dispirited vocals, and lots of flannel.1992Compact discs surpass cassette tapes as the preferred medium for recorded music.1994Woodstock '94 commemorates the original weekend-long concert. Green Day and Nine Inch Nails join Woodstock veterans including Santana and Joe Cocker.1995The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Museum opens in Cleveland. Renowned architect I. M. Pei designed the ultra-modern, 150,000 square-foot building. Grateful Dead frontman Jerry Garcia dies.1996Janet Jackson becomes the highest-paid musician in history when she signs an $80-million deal with Virgin Records.Jazz great Ella Fitzgerald dies.1998Legendary crooner Frank Sinatra dies of a heart attack at age 82.The first MP3 player is introduced, the Saehan/Eiger Labs F10/F20.1999The merger of two major recording labels, Universal and Polygram, causes upheaval in the recording industry. It is estimated that the new company, Universal Music Group, controls 25% of the worldwide music market. Woodstock '99 kicks off in Rome, N.Y. Concertgoers complain that the spirit of the original Woodstock has been compromised and commercialized. Napster, the first widely used peer-to-peer file-sharing program, is introduced. At one point, the service is home to more than 24 million users.2001Apple introduces the iPod, which goes on to revolutionize the music industry and the way music is sold. As of late 2006, 70 million iPods had been sold and consumers had purchased some 1 billion songs from the iTunes digital music store.2002Bruce Springsteen begins The Rising tour, visiting 46 different arenas in 46 different cities. The tour later stops at stadiums across the world and includes 10 consecutive shows at New Jersey’s Giants Stadium.2005In May, Live 8 is hosted at ten different sites around the world in an attempt to raise poverty awareness prior to July’s G8 conference. The free event is highlighted by a reunion of the original Pink Floyd lineup. It is the first time the band has played together in 24 years.2006“The Godfather of Soul” James Brown dies of heart failure on December 25th at age 73.Nearly 800 different record stores, including all Tower Records retailers, close their doors as the industry sees a seventh-straight year of declining sales largely attributed to the increase in sales of digital music.2007After years of consolidation, 70% of the world’s music is sold by one of four companies: Universal, Sony BMG, EMI, and Warner. All of these companies are part of large media conglomerates. The Rolling Stone’s multi-year A Bigger Bang tour surpasses U2’s Vertigo tour to become the top-grossing tour of all time, earning $437 million.

  6. Thaddeus Cahill Thaddeus Cahill, Teleharmonium. 1897. Electronic music via telephone lines.

  7. Futurists Luigi Russolo (April 30, 1885 - February 4, 1947) was an Italian Futurist painter and composer, and the author of the manifesto The Art of Noises (1913). He is often regarded as one of the first noise music experimental composers with his performances of "noise concerts" in 1913-14 and then again after World War I, notably in Paris in 1921. He is also one of the first theorists of electronic music. Macchina Tipografica (c. 1913 – 21) The Futurist Intonarumori by Russolo (part 1) The Futurist Intonarumori by Russolo (part 2) Lecture on the Futurists (Russolo and Marinetti) and their impact on electronic music

  8. Theremin Leon Theremin performing a trio for theremin, voice and piano, c. 1924.

  9. Harry Partch Play this clip. Part Three. Harry Partch and his Strange Musical Instruments (Part One; Part Two; Part Three) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ytN-9Uuuj3M&feature=relmfu Barstow, 1943 (eight inscriptions from hitchhikers graffitti) Castor and Pollux, 1952 Exordium from Delusion of the Fury, 1965-66

  10. Karl Stockhausen KarlheinzStockhausen, ElektronischeMusikStudie I, created in 1953 by recording and manipulating sine waves on tape recorders. (Click here)

  11. John Cage The German pianist Tim Ovens plays the 10th sonata of John Cages "Sonatas & Interludes" for prepared piano Prepared Piano 4’33” Cage on Silence (local)

  12. Robert Moog Robert Moog Interview Keith Emerson performance in 2004 on a Moog Synthesizer c. 1968. Brief History of the MiniMoog

  13. Minimalism Philip Glass: Violin Concerto no. 1 mvt. 3 Steve Reich: Clapping (1972). Live performance in 2012 with Reich. Steve Reich: Clapping (animation) Steve Reich: soundtrack from the Bloodbath scene of “The Hunger Games.” (local drive)

  14. British Synth Jeffrey Shaw: http://www.jeffrey-shaw.net/html_main/frameset-works.php

  15. Conlan Nancarro Toccata For Violin and Player Piano, 1935 (local) Study for Player Piano No. 21 (Canon X), 1961 (local)

  16. Wendy Carlos Williams Switched On Bach, 1968 (local)

  17. Morton Subotnick Silver Apples of the Moon, 1966/67 (local) This was one of the first pieces of genuine "electronic music" as opposed to a spliced up tape of sound effects. It took a year to write and was composed and played on a specially designed machine that used pressure plates instead of keys. Every other electronic piece owes this seemingly discordant mish-mash of sounds something.

  18. Alvin Lucier I Am Sitting in a Room (1969) Music on a Long Thin Wire (1977) (local) Music on a Long Thin Wire (version 2 in Paris) In his own words (1992): "Music on a Long Thin Wire is constructed as follows: the wire is extended across a large room, clamped to tables at both ends. The ends of the wire are connected to the loudspeaker terminals of a power amplifier placed under one of the tables. A sine wave oscillator is connected to the amplifier. A magnet straddles the wire at one end. Wooden bridges are inserted under the wire at both ends to which contact microphones are imbedded, routed to the stereo sound system. The microphones pick up the vibrations that the wire imparts to the bridges and are sent through the playback system. By varying the frequency and loudness of the oscillator, a rich variety of slides, frequency shifts, audible beats and other sonic phenomena may be produced."However, Lucier admits a long thin wire is only used to impress, a short thin wire would have worked as well if not better, and he discovered that the best way to produce variation in the sonic phenomena was to pick a setting and leave the setup alone. --Wikipedia

  19. Don Buchla History Jamming En Plein Vol (local) translation: “in mid air”

  20. Phil Dadson From Scratch, 1984 (part 1; part 2; part 3)

  21. Sonic Architecture Cantus, Mine in Minnesota

  22. Aeolian Harps and Flutes Doug Hollis: A Sound Garden, Tonkin Liu: The Singing Ringing Tree (local) The Wind Harp Wind Plays Harp

  23. Richard Lerman Travelon Gamelon Travel Gamelon Promenade (local) Soundscape: Death Valley Cycle 2

  24. Janet Cardiff To Touch, 1993 Ghost Machine, 2005 Storm House, 2010

  25. Janet Cardiff and George Bures Miller (2012)

  26. Chris Cox remix

  27. Christian Marclay

  28. Telephones, 1995 (local)

  29. Night Music, 1985

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