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Mechanisms of Disease

Mechanisms of Disease. Part 1 Causes of Disease . Causes of Disease (six Categories). 1. Heredity Caused by abnormality in person’s genetic or chromosomal makeup May or may not be present at birth If present at birth, the disease is called CONGENITAL

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Mechanisms of Disease

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  1. Mechanisms of Disease Part 1 Causes of Disease

  2. Causes of Disease(six Categories) 1. Heredity • Caused by abnormality in person’s genetic or chromosomal makeup • May or may not be present at birth • If present at birth, the disease is called CONGENITAL • Not all congenital diseases are inherited (EX: fetal alcohol syndrome)

  3. Causes of Disease(six Categories) If inherited, the diseases are classified as 1. single gene abnormality (Ex: sickle cell anemia) 2. an abnormality of several genes (polygenic) (Ex: gout, hypertension) 3. an abnormality of a chromosome (absence or presence) (Down syndrome)

  4. Causes of Disease(six Categories) 2. Trauma • Caused by physical injury from an external force • Leading cause of death in children and young adults • MVA (Motor Vehicle accidents) most frequent

  5. Causes of Disease(six Categories) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) lists the most frequent trauma as: • MVA • Fire Arms • Poison • Falls • Suffocation • Suicide • Homicide

  6. Causes of Disease(six Categories) Emergency management for trauma is often needed • Complications of shock • Hemorrhage • Infection • Prioritizing of care is called triage

  7. Causes of Disease(six Categories) 3. Inflammation and Infection • Inflammation is a protective immune response triggered by injury or irritant • Signs of inflammation • Redness • Heat • Swelling • Pain • Loss of motion

  8. Causes of Disease(six Categories) • Infection refers to invasion of microorganisms into tissue that causes cell or tissue injury • Inflammation and infection often go hand in hand • Inflammation will often progress to an infection • “itis” means inflammation

  9. Causes of Disease(six Categories) 4. Hyperplasias and Neoplasms • Hyper (excessive) plasia (growth) • Neo (new) plasm(growth) • Hyperplasias are overgrowth in response to a stimulus (EX: overgrowth of thyroid due to hormone deficiency) • Neoplasms are tumors (Greek word for swelling is onkas) Oncology is study of cancer (tumors end in “oma”)

  10. Causes of Disease(six Categories) • Neoplasms are classified as: • Benign • Limited growth (usually) • Encapsulated • Malignant • Grow uncontrollably • Fingerlike projections in surrounding tissues • Removal is difficult ****Cancer defined as a malignant tumor

  11. Causes of Disease(six Categories) • Cancer name comes from Greek work karkinosmeaning “crab” • Neoplasms can metastasize (move from original site to secondary or even tertiary sites) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mQVq_en-2vA&list=PLsXgU5RKIPO6dEg9vpBKDmZw46NI5aq9X

  12. Causes of Disease(six Categories) 5. Nutritional Imbalance • Malnutrition • Inadequate nutrient intake • Inadequate amount with poor nutritive value • Problems with absorption • Cachexia- ill, thin wasted appearance

  13. Causes of Disease(six Categories) • Treatment • Liquid drink with nutritional supplements • Parenteral • Subcutaneous- under skin • Intramuscular • Intravenous*** (TPN-Total Parenteral Nutrition) • Enteral (small intestine)- tube feeding • Nasogastric tube- nose to stomach • Gastrostomy tube- hole in abdomen to stomach

  14. Causes of Disease(six Categories) • Obesity • Overconsumption of nutrients / lack of exercise • Increases chance for arteriosclerosis • Stresses bones and joints • Vitamin or Mineral Excess or Deficiency • Related to diet, metabolic disorders and some medications • Hypervitaminosis can occur when someone uses too many vitamins for too long period of time

  15. Causes of Disease(six Categories) 6. Impaired Immunity • First Line of Defense • Intact skin • Mucous membranes, tears, secretions • Other Defenses • Inflammatory response • Specific antigen-antibody reaction **antigens-substances that cause the body some type of harm **antibodies- immune bodies, are proteins that the body produces to react to the antigen and render it harmless

  16. Causes of Disease(six Categories) Common Malfunctions of Immune System • Allergy • immune response too intense • Allergens are things that cause the reaction • Autoimmunity • Immune response attacks itself • White blood cells produce antibodies against own self-antibodies

  17. Causes of Disease(six Categories) • Immunodeficiency • Due to a decrease or absence of leukocytes, primarily leukocytes • Often without symptoms, except for recurring infections which could lead to death • Examples: AIDS, chemotherapy, radiation, organ recipients

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