Lecture on Fruit by Dr. Chanchal Kumar Biswas

1. Lecture on fruitbyDr Chanchal Kumar BiswasDepartment of Botany B.B. College, Asansol

2. Simple Aggregate Multiple Fruit i. Sorosis ii. syconus Fleshy (Always indehescent) DRY Fleshy (Always indehescent) i. Etaerio of berries ii. Etaerio of drupe iii. Etaerio of follicle iv.Etaerio of achenes Fruit i. Drupe ii. Berry or Bacca Balausta Amphisarca iii. Hesperidium iv. Pepo v. Pome Next slide

3. DRY Indehiscent Schizocarpic Dehiscent i. Cremocarp ii. Samara iii. Regma iv. Lomentum v. Carcerule i. Follicle ii. Legume or Pod iii. Siliqua iv. Capsule i. Cypsela ii. Caryopsis iii. Achene iv. Urticle v. Nuts or Glans

4. Simple fruit : A fruit is said to be simple when it develop from a single overy of a single flower. • Dry fruits. • Dehiscent: These are fruits which burst automatically on ripening and discharge their seeds. • Indehiscent: These are fruits which do not burst at maturity thus the seeds are liberated only by the destruction of pericarp. • Schizocarpic: It is the intermediate form between dehiscent and indehiscent fruit. The fruit breaks up in to one or more seeded units. Some times the seeds are liberated only after the decay of the pericarp.

5. Dehiscent • Legume: It is a type of dry fruit developed from a simple, superior and one chambered overy and opening along both the sutures. Eg peas, beans • Follicle: It is a type of dry fruit developed from a simple, superior and one chambered overy and opening along ventral suture only. Catharanthus rosea.

6. Siliqua: It is a dry two chambered long, narrow, many seeded fruit developing from a bicarpellary, syncarpus, superior ovary and opening along both the sutures and seeds remaining attached to replum. Mustard • Capsule: A many seeded fruit that develops from a compound, superior, one to many chambered overy and opens in various way. Datura , cotton

7. Indehiscent • Caryopsis: It is a small dry, indehiscent, one seeded fruit developing from a monocarpellary, superior overy and the pericarp fused with the seed coat. Rice • Cypsela: It is a small dry, indehiscent, one seeded fruit developing from a syncarpus, inferior unilocular overy. Compositae.

8. Achene: It is a small dry, indehiscent, one seeded fruit developing from a monocarpellary, superior overy in which seed coat not fused with the pericarp. Mirabilis sp • Nuts or Glans: It is a dry, indehiscent, one seeded fruit developing from a superior, bi-or polycarpellary overy in which the fruit wall is hard, stony or woody at maturity. Trapa sp, Litchi sp • Urticle: It is a dry, indehiscent, one or few seeded fruit developing from a superior, monocarpellary overy. The fruit is provided with a thin membranous loose pericarp which is not attached with the seed coat. Chenopodium sp

9. Schizocarpic • Cremocarp: It is a dry schizocarpic two seeded fruit developing from a bicarpellary, inferior overy and splitting at maturity in to two mericarps, each borne on a carpophore (prolongedend of the axis) Coriandrum sativa.

10. Lomentum: It is a dry schizocarpic leguminous fruit developing from a superior monocarpellary overy. Here the fruit is transversely constricted between the seeds and on maturity the fruit breaks up in to bits containing one or more seeds. Acacia sp. • Regma: It is a dry schizocarpic fruit developing from a tricarpellary, superior, syncarpus overy and splitting on maturity in to three cocci. Ricinus

11. Samara: It is a dry schizocarpic one or two seeded winged fruit developing from a superior overy. Shorea robusta. • Carcerule: It is a dry schizocarpic fruit developing from a bicarpellary, superior overy and ultimately breaking into nutlets. Ocimum sp

12. Fleshy fruits: These are following types. • Drupe: It is a fleshy one seeded fruit with the pericarp differentiated in to epicarp mesocarp and endocarp. Mango , coconut, • Pome: It is a fleshy fruit surrounded by the thalamus and developing from a bi-or polycarpellary, syncarpus , inferior overy. Malus sylvestris ( Rosaceae)

13. Berry: It is a pulpy few or many seeded fruit developing from a syncarpus, superior or some times inferior overy. Lycopersicon esculentum these are following types.

14. Hesperidium: It is a fleshy fruit developing from a polycarpellary, syncarpus, superior overy with axile Placentation. Here the epicarp and mesocarp are fused togatherforming the skin of the fruit, the endocarp remain thin papery forming the outer covering of compartments; the edible part is the inner juicy succulent hairs of the endocarp • Balausta: It is many seeded fruit with leathery pericarp, the carpels are placed in two rows one above the other with thin yellow papery partition walls. It has succulent seed coat which form the edible part. Punica granatum Rosaceae

15. Amphisarca: It is many seeded fruit with woody pericarp. The placenta and the inner wall of the pericarp form the edible part. The seeds are provided with mucilaginous seed coat. Aegle mermelos Rutaceae • Pepo: An indehiscent fleshy one-celled many-seeded berry (such as a pumpkin, squash, melon, or cucumber) that has a hardrind and is the characteristic fruit of the gourd family.

16. Aggregate Fruit: • It is fruit which develop from flower having a number of free carpels, all of which ripen together, In other word these fruit are the product of a single flower having apocarpous pistil. These are following types.

17. Etaerio of berries: It is an aggregate of berries. Annona squamosa. • Etaerio of drupe: It is an aggregate of drupes. Fragaria vesca Rosaceae

18. Etaerio of achene: It is an aggregate of achene. Strawberry . clematis • Etaerio of follicle: It is an aggregate of follicle. Michelia champaca

19. Multiple or Composite fruit; • It is fruit which develop from entire inflorescence and forming one body at maturity. These are following two types. • Sorosis: It is a fruit which develop from a spike or spadix in which the flowers are fused by their succulent tepals and axis bearing them become fleshy or woody thus forming a compact mass. Artocarpus heterophyllus Moraceae, Ananas comosus Bromeliaceae • .

20. Syconus: It is a fruit which develop from a hypanthodium inflorescenceand characterize by a pear shaped fleshy receptacle. Ficus benghalensis