SOL VUS.2

1. SOL VUS.2 The Age of Exploration and Colonization: Part 1

2. What do you already know? • Write as many things possible that you know or think you know about… • 1. Jamestown • 2. cash crops • 3. 13 Colonies • 4. slaves • 5. indentured servants

3. Terms to Know • Explore: to travel to an unfamiliar area • example: Columbus explored the Caribbean. • Colonize: send settlers to establish political control over the native people of an area • example: France colonized Canada.

4. What were the Europeans looking for? • Columbus wanted a Western Passage to Asia for trade • Nations sought riches of GOLD • Nations wanted to spread Christianity- GOD • Nations wished for a strong & Powerful empire - GLORY

6. Early European exploration and colonization resulted in the redistribution (spreading out) of the world’s population as millions of people from Europe and Africavoluntarily and involuntarily moved to the “New World.” Diagram of slaves aboard ship.

7. Characteristics of Early Exploration and Settlements in The New World

8. Getting to Jamestown Queen Elizabeth I of England spurred English colonization of the New World in the late 1500s. In 1585, Sir Walter Raleigh, a friend of Elizabeth, took on one of the first English settlement attempts. He set up a colony of about 100 men on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina and named the area Virginia after Queen Elizabeth I, the “Virgin Queen.”

10. Getting to Jamestown These settlers only lasted for a year before returning home. Then, in 1587, Raleigh made a second attempt at settling a colony on Roanoke Island. The supply ships sent to the colony set to arrive within 3 months never came, and in 1590 when help did come, the colonists had all disappeared. The only clue found was the word “Croatoan” carved into a post.

12. Getting to Jamestown By early 1600s, the joint-stock company was perfected. After the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, James I became King of England. 1606 The Virginia Company of London received a charter to settle in the New World. On May 24, 1607, the colony of Jamestown was founded.

13. Jamestown • Established in 1607 by the Virginia Company of London as a business venture (search for money) • a Joint-Stock Company • It was the first permanent English settlement in North America. • Tobacco farming made it a profitable colony Tobacco Ship on the James River

14. Jamestown • Almost immediately, the Jamestown settlement encountered hardships. • During the winter of 1609 to 1610, ¾ of the English colonists died from starvation or disease in a period known as the “Starving Time.” • Until 1614, colonists warred with the Powhatan tribe, finally ended by Pocahontas’s marriage to John Rolfe. Chief Powhatan

15. Jamestown • Earlier in 1612, John Rolfe had saved the Jamestown colony by perfecting the growth of tobacco. • Afterward, Jamestown’s success was built entirely on the back of tobacco cultivation. Rolfe & Pocahontas

16. The First African Slaves • The growth of an agricultural (farming) economy based on large plantations in the Southern colonies and in the Caribbean led to the introduction of slavery in the New World. • The first Africans were brought against their will to Jamestown in 1619 and worked on tobacco plantations.

17. Compartments of a Slave Ship

18. Virginia and the South • The Virginia House of Burgesseswas the first elected (voted for) assembly in the New World. It has operated ever since and is today known as the General Assembly of Virginia. An early meeting of Virginia’s House of Burgesses

19. The southern colonies were settled by people seeking economic opportunities. The early Virginia “cavaliers” were English nobility who received large land grants in eastern Virginia from the King of England. Poor English immigrants also came seeking better lives as small farmers or artisans and settled in the Shenandoah Valley or western Virginia. Virginia and the South

20. Indentured Servants: • Indentured servants agreed to work on tobacco plantations for a period of time to pay for passage to the New World. • This would populate the colony as well as provide cheap labor. Indentured Servants worked to grow tobacco on plantations.

21. Maryland: A Catholic Haven • In 1634, Maryland was founded as a plantation colony by Lord Baltimore. • Maryland was created partly as a refuge for Catholics. • However, in 1649, Maryland passed a law allowing religious freedom to all Christians. George Calvert, Lord Baltimore

22. The Carolinas • Founded in 1670, the Carolina colony was named after King Charles II. • Rice emerged as Carolina’s main cash crop. • Charles Town, today Charleston, quickly became the busiest seaport in the South. • In 1712, North Carolina separated from South Carolina. A rice farm in South Carolina

23. Georgia • In 1733, James Oglethorpe founded Georgia as a buffer colony between South Carolina and the natives in present-day Florida. • Named after King George II, Georgia served as a haven for poor debtors in England. • Georgia had few slaves initially and grew crops like rice and indigo. Indigo plant

25. Pilgrims in Plymouth First Thanksgiving between the Pilgrims and the native Wampanoag tribe, 1621 • The Pilgrims were Separatists in England, meaning they wanted to leave the Church of England. • In fear for their safety, the Pilgrims sailed on the Mayflowerto Plymouth Bay (in Massachusetts) in 1620.

26. Pilgrims Arrive • The Pilgrims formed a “covenant community” based on the principles of the Mayflower Compact and their religious beliefs. • The Mayflower Compact became the first system of government in the New World. The signing of the Mayflower Compact, a document which established democratic principles.

27. Puritans in Massachusetts Bay Puritans arrive at Massachusetts Bay • Similar to Pilgrims, Puritans in England began to be persecuted in the 1620s. • Unlike Pilgrims who wanted to leave the English Church, Puritans simply wanted to “purify” the faith.

28. Puritans in Massachusetts Bay Puritans arrive at Massachusetts Bay • In 1630, Puritans founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony north of Plymouth. • 70,000 Puritans arrived, believing they had a “calling” from God to lead this new religious experiment

29. Puritans were often intolerant (unaccepting) of those not sharing their religion. They also sought economic opportunity (jobs) and settled as family groups. Puritans practiced a form of direct democracy through town meetings. The strict lifestyle caused many of the dissenters (disagree) to leave and form their own colonies, such as Rhode Island. Puritans in Massachusetts Bay

30. Roger Williams was an extreme Separatist living in Puritan Massachusetts. After challenging the Puritans’ authority, he was tried by them in court in 1635. In 1636, Williams fled south of Massachusetts, founding the colony of Rhode Island. He established complete freedom of religion, even for Jews and Catholics. Founding of Rhode Island

31. In 1635, Hartford, Connecticut, was founded and Connecticut adopted a democratic constitution in 1639. In 1638, New Haven was founded to the south. In 1677, Plymouth was absorbed by Massachusetts. In 1679, New Hampshire was separated from Massachusetts. Other New England Colonies

33. The Middle Colonies • The Middle Atlantic region was settled chiefly by English, Dutch(from Netherlands), and German-speaking immigrants seeking religious freedom AND economic opportunity.

34. The Middle Colonies • In 1623-24, the colony of New Netherlands was planted in the Hudson River by the Dutch. • Its capital, New Amsterdam, was a company town. • Today, former New Amsterdam is New York City and New Netherlands became the state of New York. Manhattan Island in 1630

35. The Middle Colonies • In 1664 England seized New Netherlands from the Dutch. • New Amsterdam was renamed New York. • Many religious groups lived in New York colony, including Jews and Huguenots (French Protestants kicked out of France) Manhattan Island in 1630 • New Jersey was created in 1664 and was home to many Presbyterians.

36. The Middle Colonies • Pennsylvania was founded in 1681 by William Penn, a Quaker who opposed the Church of England. • Quakers are also referred to as the “Society of Friends” due to their hatred of war and conflict. • Pennsylvania was very diverse and open to nearly all groups. William Penn

37. Effect on the First Americans: • The explorations and settlements of the English in the American colonies and Spanish in the Caribbean, Central America, and South America, often led to violent conflicts with the American Indians (First Americans). • The Indians lost their traditional territories and fell victim to diseases carried from Europe. • By contrast, French exploration of Canada did not lead to large-scale immigration from France, and relations with native peoples were often more cooperative. Here, Pocahantas is depicted “saving” the life of John Smith. Over the next centuries, the First Americans would be confined to reservations.

39. Exploration and colonization initiated worldwide commercial (business) expansion as agricultural products were exchanged between the Americas and Europe. The Triangular Trade shows the flow of goods and people across the Atlantic. Graphic Courtesy: Language and Power

40. In time, colonization led to ideas of representative government and religious toleration that over several centuries would inspire similar transformations in other parts of the world.