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Structural Steel

Photo courtesy of Thinkstock. Structural Steel Design EDUCATION MODULE. Developed by T. Michael Toole, Ph.D., PE Daniel Treppel Stephen Van Nosdall Bucknell University. Structural Steel. Guide for Instructors. Learning Objectives.

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Structural Steel

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  1. Photo courtesy ofThinkstock Structural SteelDesign EDUCATIONMODULE Developed by T. Michael Toole, Ph.D.,PE DanielTreppel StephenVanNosdall BucknellUniversity StructuralSteel

  2. Guide forInstructors StructuralSteel

  3. LearningObjectives • Explain the Prevention through Design (PtD)concept. • List reasons why project owners may wish to incorporate PtD in their projects. • Identify workplace hazards and risks associated with design decisions and recommend design alternatives to alleviate or lessen thoserisks. StructuralSteel

  4. Overview • PtDConcept • Steel Design, Detailing, and FabricationProcess • Steel ErectionProcess • Specific Steel PtD Examples Photo courtesy ofThinkstock StructuralSteel

  5. Introduction to Prevention throughDesign EDUCATIONMODULE StructuralSteel StructuralSteel

  6. Occupational Safety andHealth • Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) www.osha.gov • Part of the Department ofLabor • Assures safe and healthfulworkplaces • Sets and enforces standards • Provides training, outreach, education, andassistance • State regulations possibly morestringent • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)www.cdc.gov/niosh • Part of the Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control andPrevention • Conducts research and makes recommendations for the prevention of work-related injury andillness StructuralSteel

  7. ConstructionHazards • Cuts • Electrocution • Falls • Falling objects • Heat/coldstress • Musculoskeletaldisease • Tripping • [BLS 2006; Lipscomb et al.2006] Graphic courtesy ofOSHA StructuralSteel

  8. Construction Accidents in the UnitedStates • Construction is one of the most hazardous occupations. This industry accountsfor • 8% of the U.S. workforce, but 20% offatalities • About 1,100 deathsannually • About 170,000serious injuriesannually • [CPWR2008] Photo courtesy ofThinkstock StructuralSteel

  9. Design as a Risk Factor: Australian Study,2000–2002 • Main finding: design contributes significantly to work-related serious injury. • 37% of workplace fatalities are due to design-relatedissues. • In another 14% of fatalities, design-related issues may have played a role. • [Driscoll et al.2008] Photo courtesy ofThinkstock StructuralSteel

  10. Accidents Linked toDesign • 22%of226injuriesthatoccurredfrom2000to2002inOregon, Washington,andCaliforniawerelinkedpartlytodesign[Behm • 2005] • 42% of 224 fatalities in U.S. between 1990 and 2003 were linked to design [Behm2005] • In Europe, a 1991 study concluded that 60% of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions made before site work began [European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions,1991] • 63% of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to design decisions or lack of planning [NOHSC 2001] StructuralSteel

  11. Falls • Number one cause of constructionfatalities • – in 2010, 35% of 751deaths • www.bls.gov/news.release/cfoi.t02.htm • Common situations include making connections, walking on beams or near openings such as floors or windows • Fallprotectionisrequiredatheightof6feetabove a surface[29 CFR 1926.760]. • Common causes: slippery surfaces, unexpected vibrations, misalignment, and unexpectedloads StructuralSteel

  12. Death fromInjury Number of deaths per 100,000 full-timeworkers Ironworker61.6 Electrical power-lineinstaller Roofer Truckdriver ConstructionLaborer Welder Op.Engineer Helper ExcavatingOperator Foreman Electrician BrickMason Painter Heating Constructionmanager Plumber Carpenter Drywall Allconstruction 58.6 32.1 23.5 21.5 20.3 16.0 15.6 Rate of work-related deaths from injuries, selected construction occupations, 2003–2009average 14.3 11.5 10.4 8.8 8.1 Full-time equivalent (FTE) is defined as 2,000 hours worked peryear. [BLS 2003–2009; CPWR2008] 7.8 7.7 7.2 6.9 4.9 10.8 StructuralSteel

  13. Fatality Assessment and ControlEvaluation NIOSH FACE Programwww.cdc.gov/niosh/face StructuralSteel

  14. What is Prevention throughDesign? • Eliminating or reducing work-related hazards and illnesses and minimizing risks associatedwith • Construction • Manufacturing • Maintenance • Use, reuse, and disposal of facilities, materials, and equipment StructuralSteel

  15. Hierarchy of Controls per ANSI/AIHAZ10-2005 BESTBEST ELIMINATION Design itout SUBSTITUTION Use somethingelse ENGINEERINGCONTROLS Isolation andguarding ADMINISTRATIVECONTROLS Training and workscheduling PERSONAL PROTECTIVEEQUIPMENT Lastresort Control Business value effectiveness StructuralSteel

  16. Personal Protective Equipment(PPE) • Last line of defense againstinjury • Examples: • Hardhats • Steel-toedboots • Safetyglasses • Gloves • Harnesses Photo courtesy ofThinkstock OSHAwww.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.html StructuralSteel

  17. PtDProcess [Hecker et al.2005] • Establish PtDexpectations • Include construction and operationperspective • Identify PtD process andtools Design External review Internal review Design team meeting Issue for construction • Owner • Architect • ProjectManager • Health & Safety Professional • Tradecontractor • Health & Safety review • QualityAssurance/ QualityControl • Health & Safetyreview • ValueEngineering review • Focused Health& Safetyreview • Ownerreview StructuralSteel

  18. Integrating Occupational Safety and Health with the DesignProcess StructuralSteel

  19. Safety Payoff During Design [Adapted from Szymberski1997] High Conceptualdesign Detaileddesign Procurement Ability to influence safety Construction Start-up Low Projectschedule StructuralSteel

  20. PtD ProcessTasks [Adapted from Toole 2005; Hinze and Wiegand1992] • Perform a hazardanalysis • Incorporate safety into the designdocuments • Make a CAD model for member labeling and erection sequencing Photo courtesy ofThinkstock StructuralSteel

  21. DesignerTools • Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward1992] • Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al.1997] • Construction safety tools fromAustralia • – Construction Hazard Assessment Implication Review, known as CHAIR [NOHSC2001] StructuralSteel

  22. ExampleChecklist Checklist courtesy of JohnGambatese StructuralSteel

  23. OSHA Steel Erection eTool OSHAwww.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/steelerection/index.html StructuralSteel

  24. Why Prevention throughDesign? • Ethicalreasons • Constructiondangers • Design-related safety issues • Financial andnon- financialbenefits • Practicalbenefits Photo courtesy ofThinkstock StructuralSteel

  25. Ethical Reasons forPtD • National Society of Professional Engineers’ Code of Ethics: “Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health,and • welfare of thepublic…” • American Society of Civil Engineers’ Code of Ethics: “Engineers shall recognize that the lives, safety,health • and welfare of the general public are dependent upon engineeringdecisions…” NSPEwww.nspe.org/ethics ASCEwww.asce.org/content.aspx?id=7231 StructuralSteel

  26. PtD Applies toConstructability • How reasonable is thedesign? • Cost • Duration • Quality • Safety Photo courtesy of the Cincinnati Museum Centerwww.cincymuseum.org StructuralSteel

  27. Business Value of PtD • Anticipate worker exposures—beproactive • Align health and safety goals with businessgoals • Modify designs to reduce/eliminate workplace hazardsin Facilities Tools Products Equipment Processes Workflows Improve businessprofitability! AIHAwww.ihvalue.org StructuralSteel

  28. Benefits ofPtD • Reduced site hazards and thus fewerinjuries • Reduced workers’ compensation insurancecosts • Increased productivity • Fewer delays due toaccidents • Increased designer-constructorcollaboration • Reducedabsenteeism • Improvedmorale • Reduced employeeturnover StructuralSteel

  29. Industries Use PtDSuccessfully • Constructioncompanies • Computer and communicationscorporations • Design-buildcontractors • Electrical powerproviders • Engineering consultingfirms • Oil and gasindustries • Water utilities And manyothers StructuralSteel

  30. STRUCTURAL STEELDESIGN Design, Detailing, and Fabrication Process StructuralSteel

  31. Three Entities Associated withDesign • Engineer • Detailer • Fabricator Photo courtesy ofThinkstock StructuralSteel

  32. DesignPhase • Owner establishes architectural/engineering requirements for building • Designer runs analysis on design according to buildingcodes • Building is designed for safety, serviceability, constructability, andeconomy • Client receives final design specifications anddrawings • Designer stores thecalculations StructuralSteel

  33. Detailing Fabricator programs engineer's drawings with software to visualize connections [Daccarett and Mrozowski2002] StructuralSteel

  34. ShopDrawings While detailing, fabricator makes drawingscontaining specifics about how to fabricate each member [Daccarett and Mrozowski2002] StructuralSteel

  35. Fabrication • To achieve its final configuration, the steel maybe • Cut • Sheared • Punched • Drilled • Fit • Welded • Each final member is labeled with a piece mark, length, and job number foridentification. Photo courtesy ofThinkstock [Daccarett and Mrozowski2002] StructuralSteel

  36. Transportation • Members are transportedvia • Flatbedtruck • Train • Waterways Photo courtesyThinkstock StructuralSteel

  37. STRUCTURAL STEELDESIGN ErectionProcess StructuralSteel

  38. Unloading andShake-out • Steel members are unloaded and placed on blocking to allow space for chokers to be easilyattached. • Shake-out: members are sorted on the ground to allow for efficienterection. • [Daccarett and Mrozowski2002] Photo courtesy ofThinkstock StructuralSteel

  39. Picking andHoisting • Cranes lift members intoplace • Hole at end of eachcolumn • After a choker is tied around the center of gravity, multiple beams can be lifted atonce • [Daccarett and Mrozowski2002] Photo courtesy ofThinkstock StructuralSteel

  40. Positioning and InitialBolting • Each beam is lowered into place, and a worker lines it up correctly with drift pins. At least two bolts are attached before the crane releases theload. • – OSHArequirement [Daccarett and Mrozowski2002] Photo courtesy of Daccarett andMrozowski StructuralSteel

  41. FinalBolting • Once everything is in the correct position, the final bolting is performed with a torque wrench or similartool. [Daccarett and Mrozowski2002] Photo courtesy of Daccarett andMrozowski StructuralSteel

  42. STRUCTURAL STEELDESIGN Examples of Prevention throughDesign StructuralSteel

  43. Topics StructuralSteel

  44. Prefabrication • Shop work is often faster than fieldwork. • Shop work is less expensive than fieldwork. • Shop work is more consistent because of the controlled environment. • Shop work yields better quality than fieldwork. • With prefabrication, less work is done at high elevations, which reduces the risks of falls and fallingobjects. [Toole and Gambatese2008] StructuralSteel

  45. Example: PrefabricatedTruss • Fewer connections to make in theair • Safer andfaster Photo courtesy ofThinkstock StructuralSteel

  46. AccessHelp • Shop-installed verticalladders • Bolts on ladders and platforms can be removed later or kept formaintenance Photo courtesy ofThinkstock StructuralSteel

  47. ColumnSafety • Columnsplices • Tabs/Holes for safetylines • Baseplates Photo courtesy ofThinkstock StructuralSteel

  48. ColumnSplices • Have column splice around 4 feet above the working floor • – OSHArequirement Photo courtesy of Bucknell Universityfacilities StructuralSteel

  49. Holes for SafetyLines • Include holes at 21 inches and 42 inches forguardrails • Additional, higher holes can also be included for lifeline support [Gambatese 1996; NISD and SEAA2009] StructuralSteel

  50. BasePlates • Column base plates should always have at least 4 anchor rods boltedin • – OSHARequirement [Gambatese 1996; NISD and SEAA2009; OSHA 29 CFR1926-755] StructuralSteel

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