Nationalism And Sectionalism

1. Nationalism And Sectionalism

2. Westward Expansion 1830 1810 1820

3. The American System • The plan rested on three Pillars: • A new national bank A tariff on imported manufactured goods Federally financed internal improvements

4. Advocates of the American System • Capitalists - sought financial stability they envisioned would be provided by a reconstructed, rechartered, revitalized and honest Bank of the United States. • Manufacturers - sought to use protective tariffs to block competition. • Westerners – sought internal improvements such as roads, canals and dredged rivers at the expense of (other) taxpayers

5. Bank of theUnited States • First Bank had expired in 1811 • Financial Confusion • Difficult to fund war • Now easy way to transfer funds • Suspect notes issued by State banks • Second Bank chartered in 1816 • Chartered for 20 years • Republicans hit by reality in 1812 • Debate set tone and pattern for the future • Republicans vs. Federalists • East vs. West

6. Bank of theUnited States • Supported by capitalists • Opposed by states rights proponents • States sought to oust the bank from their borders • Indiana – only banks chartered by the state could establish branches within the state • Tennessee, Georgia, North Carolina, Kentucky & Ohio – levied taxes on out of state banks • Pennsylvania – state legislature proposed a constitutional amendment prohibiting Congress from chartering a bank to operate outside DC

7. The Bank and the Supreme Court • Three landmark decisions of • M’Culloch v. Maryland: • Constitutionality of the Bank upheld by loose construction • Power to tax involves the power to destroy, therefore a state could not destroy something legitimately created by the federal Congress – the Bank • Government “of the people” as a whole

8. STATES RIGHTS • Evolution of the Constitutional Argument: • Originally – Constitution created by people of individual states acting as people of discrete political societies • Madison – Virginian Resolution claimed the Constitution had been created by the states acting as states • Marshall – M’Culloch v. Maryland denied states any role in the framing of the Constitution claiming it was created by the people as a whole

9. Impact of M’Culloch • States Rights proponents would hereafter adhere to Madison’s position that the states, not the people acting as discrete political societies, had created the Constitution. • Nationalists would adhere to Marshall’s idea that the people as a whole had framed the Constitution. • The original concept and understanding would be, for all practical purposes, lost.

10. Tariff Politics • Supporters: • Manufacturers • Economic nationalists • Opponents: • Shippers • Southern farmers • Strict constructionists • Tariffs: • Raise prices on the goods taxed • Discourage trade • Encourage local production • Generate revenue for government

11. Internal Improvements Journey of the New Orleans – 1811 The Enterprise travels up-river from New Orleans to Louisville – 1814

12. James Monroe(1816-1824)

14. Convention of 1818 • Boundary agreement between the U.S. and Britain Established northern boundary of the Louisiana Purchase at 49th parallel (from Great lakes to the Rockies) Established joint occupation of Oregon territory Established modern boundary of Maine Reconfirmed American fishing rights at Newfoundland

15. Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819(a.k.a. Trans-continental Treaty of 1821) • Boundary treaty between the U.S. and Spain Spain ceded Florida to United States Established the western boundary of the Louisiana Purchase Extended boundary to Pacific Ocean at 42nd parallel

16. Panic of 1819 • Origins and Problems • Originated in Europe and Spread to the US • Drop in Cotton prices sparked a decline in other American products • Farmers – • Had speculated in land because of easy credit • Unable to pay mortgages became destitute as bankers foreclosed hoping to ease their own problems

17. Panic of 1819 • US Bank • Had been involved in credit problems • New president of the bank restored sound basis, but at great cost • Applied pressure on state banks • State banks applied pressure on debtors • Engendered a great deal of resentment toward the bank in South and West • Many regarded the Bank as being responsible for the Panic

18. Panic of 1819Consequences • The Panic fostered widespread hostility to the privileges of the economic elites. • Further spurred the American love for equality and the hatred of anything that threatened equality. • Privileges became the antithesis of equality and therefore privilege became intolerable for many Americans. • States, during the 1820’s, began to replace banknotes with hard money controlled by the state rather than private banks. • - - - add this section to the lecture - - -

19. Missouri Compromise • Population growth in the free states had been greater than the growth rate in slave states • The House of Representatives was dominated by representatives from nonslave states 105 to 80 • Senate was far more evenly divided • Eleven free states and ten slave states (Alabama, 1819) • Illinois had a system of black apprentice labor that amounted to quasi-slavery • Southerners also narrowly defeated a northern effort to prohibit slavery in the Arkansas Territory

20. The Missouri Compromise(1820) The Compromise Maintained slave/free balance in Senate Missouri admitted as a slave state – March 6, 1820 Maine admitted as a non-slave stateMarch 15, 1820 Slavery prohibited above 36º 30’ (Southern border of Missouri) Seemed to settle slave issue for foreseeable future Two free states likely in Michigan Territory Two or three slave states likely • Florida • Arkansas Territory (probably two states) Balance of Louisiana Purchase believed uninhabitable

21. The Missouri Compromise

22. Missouri Compromise • Realities: • Proposed Missouri Constitution prohibited blacks for any cause whatsoever. • Senate debates race and slavery in US (freedom) • Could blacks be US citizens • Consent does not mean endorsement • Missouri Legislature refuses to add consent/endorsement clause • President Monroe declares Missouri a state 10 August 1821

23. Missouri Compromise • Implications • In actuality the only thing the Missouri Compromise did was to move slavery to the back burner: both sides agreed – though not formally and publicly – to ignore the subject in public for the foreseeable future • Neither Southern nor Northern majorities endorsed the key elements • Southerners turned from the possibility of eventually accepting the demise of slavery to a whole-hearted defense – it was good for the slaves • Northern resentment grew over the 3/5 clause in the US constitution • Southerners may have voted in favor simply to get a slave state west of the Mississippi River – Florida only possible expansion left in the east • Eventually led to problems with Texas annexation • Problems resurfaces in Dred Scott and Kansas Nebraska Act of 1854.

24. Oregon

25. Monroe Doctrine

26. The Monroe Doctrine(1823) • Four major points: • Declared American continents off limits to further European colonization • Any European attempt would be viewed as a threat to U.S. security • U.S. would not interfere in existing colonies • U.S. would keep out of Europe’s internal affairs

27. The Election of 1824 Four candidates emerged in the 1824 election William Crawford (Secretary of the Treasury) John Q. Adams (Secretary of State) Henry Clay (Speaker of the House) Andrew Jackson All were Republicans, no Federalist candidate