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Roman Catholics & Evangelicals: Agreements and Differences

Roman Catholics & Evangelicals: Agreements and Differences. Outline:. I. What We Have in Common II. How We Differ III. In Defense of Evangelicalism? IV. How to Win Catholics to Christ. I. What We Have in Common. A. Bible: The Bible is the Word of God.

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Roman Catholics & Evangelicals: Agreements and Differences

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  1. Roman Catholics & Evangelicals:Agreements and Differences

  2. Outline: • I. What We Have in Common • II. How We Differ • III. In Defense of Evangelicalism? • IV. How to Win Catholics to Christ

  3. I. What We Have in Common • A. Bible: The Bible is the Word of God. • B. Canon: It is closed. There are no new revelations from God. • C. The Trinity: There are three persons in one eternal God: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. • D. Christ: He is both God and Man, two natures united in one person.

  4. I. What We Have in Common • E. Virgin Birth:Jesus was miraculously conceived in Mary’s womb, without a biological father. • F. Atonement: Jesus alone paid the full price for our salvation from the guilt and eternal consequences of our sins. • G. Resurrection: Jesus arose from the dead in the same body in which He died.

  5. I. What We Have in Common • H. Ascension: Jesus ascended physically into heaven in the same body in which He was raised immortal. • I. Church:There is a spiritual body of Christ to which all the saved belong. • J. Second Coming:Jesus will return to earth physically to judge the wicked and reward the righteous.

  6. I. What We Have in Common • K. Heaven and Hell: There is a place of eternal conscious bliss for the saved and another place of eternal conscious woe for the unsaved. • L. The Early Confessions and Creeds • One Bible • Two Testaments • Three Creeds (Apostles, Nicene, Athanasian) • Four Councils (Nicea (326), Constantinople (381), Ephesus (431), and Chalcedon (451) • Five Centuries

  7. I. What We Have in Common • Note: These include most of the great fundamentals of the Christian Faith. • There are others things on which we agree: • Two ordinances: Baptism and Communion • Moral absolutes • Absolute truth • Pro Family and Pro LifeIssues

  8. Outline: • I. What We Have in Common • II. How We Differ

  9. A. Distinctive Doctrines of Evangelicals • 1. The Bible alone (sola Scriptura) • 2. Christ alone (sola Christa) • 3. Grace alone (sola gratia)* • 4. Faith alone (sola fidei) • Summary: Evangelicals, in contrast to Catholics, believe we are saved by grace alone, based on the work of Christ alone, received through faith alone, and grounded on the authority of Scripture alone. • *Roman Catholics believe in the necessity of grace but not the exclusivity of grace (since they believe good works are also necessary for salvation).

  10. B. Distinctive Doctrines of Roman Catholics • What they addedin doctrine: • 1. The the Apocrypha to the Bible. • 2. An infallible Pope to the Infallible Bible. • 3. Works to grace as a condition for salvation. • 4. Works to faith as means of receiving salvation. • 5. Mary to Christ as means of mediating salvation. • 6. Purgatory to the Cross for completing salvation. • 7. Institutional Church to Christ as means of dispensing grace that brings salvation.

  11. B. Distinguishing Doctrines of Roman Catholics • What they added in practice: • 1. Venerating of Mary to the worship of God. • 2. Veneration of images to the worship of God. • 3. Worship of the host to the worship of God. • 4. Prayers to dead saints to prayers to living God. • 5. Priests to laity as means of approaching God. • 6. Penance to grace to gain the favor of God. • 7. Confession of sin to a priest instead of to God. Note:These are serious errors in doctrine and deed.

  12. B. Distinguishing Doctrines of Roman Catholics • What they added in authority: • I. New Testament Church: Elders (=Bishops) • In Independent Self-Governing Churches • II. Subapostolic Church: Same as NT Church • III. Early Post-Apostolic Church: One Bishop Over Elders in Each Self-Governing Church • IV. Pre-Medieval Church: Regional Bishops Over a Whole Area of Churches • V. Medieval Church: One Bishop of Rome Over All Churches • VI. Modern Church: One Infallible Bishop of Rome Over All Churches (1870)

  13. Outline: • I. What We Have in Common • II. How We Differ • III. In Defense of Evangelicalism

  14. III. In Defense of Evangelicalism • A. The Bible alone (sola Scriptura) • B. Christ alone (sola Christa) • C. Grace alone (sola gratia) • D. Faith alone (sola fidei)

  15. III. In Defense of Evangelicalism • A. The Bible alone (sola Scriptura)

  16. III. In Defense of Evangelicalism • A. The Bible alone (sola Scriptura) • 1. Not an Infallible Pope too because: • a. Peter was only part of the foundation (Eph. 2:20).

  17. III. In Defense of Evangelicalism • A. The Bible alone (sola Scriptura) • 1. Not an Infallible Pope too because: • a. Peter was only part of the foundation (Eph. 2:20). • b. Peter did not have greater power (Mt. 18:18).

  18. III. In Defense of Evangelicalism • A. The Bible alone (sola Scriptura) • 1. Not an Infallible Pope too because: • a. Peter was only part of the foundation (Eph. 2:20). • b. Peter did not have greater power (Mt. 18:18). • c. Peter was sent out by others (Acts 8:14).

  19. III. In Defense of Evangelicalism • A. The Bible alone (sola Scriptura) • 1. Not an Infallible Pope too because: • a. Peter was only part of the foundation (Eph. 2:20). • b. Peter did not have greater power (Mt. 18:18). • c. Peter was sent out by others (Acts 8:14). • d. He was held to account by the church (Acts 11:1-18).

  20. III. In Defense of Evangelicalism • A. The Bible alone (sola Scriptura) • 1. Not an Infallible Pope too because: • a. Peter was only part of the foundation (Eph. 2:20). • b. Peter did not have greater power (Mt. 18:18). • c. Peter was sent out by others (Acts 8:14). • d. He was held to account by the church (Acts 11:1-18). • e. He was rebuked for His error (Gal. 2:11-14).

  21. III. In Defense of Evangelicalism • A. The Bible alone (sola Scriptura) • 1. Not an Infallible Pope too because: • a. Peter was only part of the foundation (Eph. 2:20). • b. Peter did not have greater power (Mt. 18:18). • c. Peter was sent out by others (Acts 8:14). • d. He was held to account by the church (Acts 11:1-18). • e. He was rebuked for His error (Gal. 2:11-14). • f. Peter never passed it on to another (Acts 14:23).

  22. III. In Defense of Evangelicalism • A. The Bible alone (sola Scriptura) • 1. Not an Infallible Pope too because: • a. Peter was only part of the foundation (Eph. 2:20). • b. Peter did not have greater power (Mt. 18:18). • c. Peter was sent out by others (Acts 8:14). • d. He was held to account by the church (Acts 11:1-18). • e. He was rebuked for His error (Gal. 2:11-14). • f. Peter never passed it on to another (Acts 14:23). • g. Some Roman Catholic Popes taught heresy.

  23. III. In Defense of Evangelicalism • A. The Bible alone (sola Scriptura) • 1. Not an Infallible Pope too because: • a. Peter was only part of the foundation (Eph. 2:20). • b. Peter did not have greater power (Mt. 18:18). • c. Peter was sent out by others (Acts 8:14). • d. He was held to account by the church (Acts 11:1-18). • e. He was rebuked for His error (Gal. 2:11-14). • f. Peter never passed it on to another (Acts 14:23). • g. Some Roman Catholic Popes taught heresy. • h. Others made grave errors (e.g., Galileo case).

  24. III. In Defense of Evangelicalism • A. The Bible alone (sola Scriptura) • 1. Not an Infallible Pope too because: • a. Peter was only part of the foundation (Eph. 2:20). • b. Peter did not have greater power (Mt. 18:18). • c. Peter was sent out by others (Acts 8:14). • d. He was held to account by the church (Acts 11:1-18). • e. He was rebuked for His error (Gal. 2:11-14). • f. Peter never passed it on to another (Acts 14:23). • g. Some Roman Catholic Popes taught heresy. • h. Others made grave errors (e.g., Galileo case). • i. Sometimes there were two or more Popes.

  25. III. In Defense of Evangelicalism • A. The Bible alone (sola Scriptura) • 1. Not an Infallible Pope too because: • a. Peter was only part of the foundation (Eph. 2:20). • b. Peter did not have greater power (Mt. 18:18). • c. Peter was sent out by others (Acts 8:14). • d. He was held to account by the church (Acts 11:1-18). • e. He was rebuked for His error (Gal. 2:11-14). • f. Peter never passed it on to another (Acts 14:23). • g. Some Roman Catholic Popes taught heresy. • h. Others made grave errors (e.g., Galileo case). • i. Sometimes there were two or more Popes. • j. There is no infallible list of infallible statements.

  26. III. In Defense of Evangelicalism • A. The Bible alone (sola Scriptura) • 1. Not an Infallible Pope too because: • a. Peter was only part of the foundation (Eph. 2:20). • b. Peter did not have greater power (Mt. 18:18). • c. Peter was sent out by others (Acts 8:14). • d. He was held to account by the church (Acts 11:1-18). • e. He was rebuked for His error (Gal. 2:11-14). • f. Peter never passed it on to another (Acts 14:23). • g. Some Roman Catholic Popes taught heresy. • h. Others made grave errors (e.g., Galileo case). • i. Sometimes there were two or more Popes. • J. One Pope Sixtus (1590)published “inspired” versions of Bible with thousands of errors in it. • k. There is no infallible list of infallible statements. • l. Some alleged infallible statements are unbiblical.

  27. III. In Defense of Evangelicalism • A. The Bible alone (sola Scriptura) • 1. Not an Infallible Pope • 2. Not an Infallible Apocrypha

  28. “Apocrypha” means hidden or doubtful. Eleven of the these books were added to the Bible by the Roman Catholic Church.

  29. There Were 14 Apocryphal Books 1) The Wisdom of Solomon (c. 30 B.C.) 2) Ecclesiasticus (Sirach) (c. 132 B.C.) 3) Tobit (c. 200 B.C.) 4) Judith (c. 150 B.C.) 1 Esdras (c. 150-100 B.C.) [3 Esdras in Catholic Bible] 2 Esdras (c. 100 A.D.) [4 Esdras in Catholic Bible] 7) 1 Maccabees (c. 110 B.C.) 8) 2 Maccabees (c. 110-70 B.C.) 9) Baruch (c. 150-50 B.C.)---Baruch 1-5 (Letter of Jeremiah [c. 300-100 B.C.])--Baruch 6 10) Addition to Esther (140-130 B.C.) 11) Prayer of Azariah (2nd or 1st cent B.C.)--Daniel 3:24-90 12) Susanna (2nd or 1st cent B.C.)--Daniel 13 13) Bel and the Dragon (c. 100 B.C.)--Daniel 14 14) Prayer of Manasseh (2nd or 1st cent B.C.)

  30. Eleven Books Accepted by Roman CatholicsSeven are in the table of contents: • 1) The Wisdom of Solomon (c. 30 B.C.) • 2) Ecclesiasticus (Sirach) (c. 132 B.C.) • 3) Tobit (c. 200 B.C.) • 4) Judith (c. 150 B.C.) • 5) 1 Maccabees (c. 110 B.C.) • 6) 2 Maccabees (c. 110-70 B.C.) • 7) Baruch (c. 150-50 B.C.)---Baruch 1-5 (Letter of Jeremiah [c. 300-100 B.C.])--Baruch 6

  31. Eleven Books Accepted by Roman CatholicsSeven are in the table of contents: • 1) The Wisdom of Solomon (c. 30 B.C.) • 2) Ecclesiasticus (Sirach) (c. 132 B.C.) • 3) Tobit (c. 200 B.C.) • 4) Judith (c. 150 B.C.) • 5) 1 Maccabees (c. 110 B.C.) • 6) 2 Maccabees (c. 110-70 B.C.) • 7) Baruch (c. 150-50 B.C.)---Baruch 1-5 (Letter of Jeremiah [c. 300-100 B.C.])--Baruch 6 • Four are added to other books: • 8) Addition to Esther (140-130 B.C.)--Esther 10:4-16:24 • 9) Prayer of Azariah (2nd or 1st cent B.C.)--Daniel 3:24-90 • 10) Susanna (2nd or 1st cent B.C.)--Daniel 13 • 11) Bel and the Dragon (c. 100 B.C.)--Daniel 14

  32. Why Catholics Accept the Apocrypha 1) The NT cites the Apocrypha. 2) The Greek OT (LXX) contained them. 3) Some early Fathers cited them. 4) Early Catacombs pictured scenes from them. 5) Some Greek Mss. of 4th cent (Aleph, A, and B) have them. 6) St. Augustine accepted them in 4th cent. 7) Eastern Church accepts them. 8) Many Protestant Bibles had them up to 19th cent. 9) Some were found in Dead Sea Scrolls. 10) Some local church councils accepted them. 11) Roman Catholic Church canonized them in 1546.

  33. Protestant Response: 1) NT never cites them as Scripture. a) At best it only alludes to events in them (cf. Heb. 11:35). b) It never cites them as inspired (“God said” etc.). c) It also quotes uninspired pagan poets (Acts 17:28). 2) Greek OT of 4th cent. A.D. had them, but-- a) It is not known that the original Greek OThad them b) No Hebrew Bible ever had them. c) Palestine, not Egypt, was place of their origin. 3) Some early Fathers cited them, but-- a) Many early Fathers clearly rejected them (Athanasius, Cyril of Jerusalem, Origen, and Jerome). b) Almost no early Father clearly accepted them. c) Many alleged citations are not from the Apocrypha. d) Those that are cited are not clearly cited as Scripture.

  34. Why Evangelicals Reject It 1) It does not claim to be inspired by God. 2) It was not written by prophets of God (1 Mac. 9:27). 3) It was not confirmed by supernatural acts of God (Heb. 2:3-4). 4) It does not always tell the truth of God: On praying for the dead (2 Mac. 12:46); On working for salvation (Tobit 12:9). 5) It was not accepted by the people of God (to whom it was given). 6) It was not accepted by Jesus the Son of God (Lk. 24:27). 7) It was not accepted as inspired by the Apostles of God. 8) It as not accepted by the Early Church of God. 9) It was not accepted by the Catholic translator of Word of God. 10) It was not written during the period of prophets of God.

  35. 10) It was not written during the period of prophets of God (according to Jewish Teaching): • The Jewish Historian Josephus: • “From Artaxerxes [4th cent B.C.] until our time everything has been recorded, but has not been deemed worthy of like credit with what preceded, because the exact succession of the prophets ceased” (Contra Apion 1.8).

  36. 10) It was not written during the period of prophets of God (according to Jewish Teaching): • The Jewish Talmud: “With the death of Haggai, Zechariah and Malachi the latter prophets, the Holy Spirit ceased out of Israel” (Tos. Sotah 13:2).

  37. III. In Defense of Evangelicalism • A. The Bible alone (sola Scriptura) • 1. Not an Infallible Pope • 2. Not an Infallible Apocrypha • 3. Not an Authoritative Tradition

  38. 3. Not an Authoritative Tradition Good Tradition Bad Tradition Apostolic Not Apostolic Became Written Didn’t Become Written In Accord with Bible Not in Accord with Bible Doesn’t Add to Bible Adds to Bible Consistent Inconsistent Not Errant Errant

  39. III. In Defense of Evangelicalism • A. The Bible alone (sola Scriptura) • 1. Not an Infallible Pope • 2. Not an Infallible Apocrypha • 3. Not an Authoritative Tradition • 4. Verses Misused to Prove Infallibility

  40. 4. Verses Misused to Prove Infallibility • Matthew 16:18-19:“You are Peter and on this rock I will build My church, and the gates of hell will not prevail against it. And I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven.”

  41. Response to Matthew 16: • 1. There are three views on this verse (the “rock” is Christ, Peter, Peter’s faith). No dogma should be built on any one view. • 2. Christ is the “rock” foundation of the church (1Cor. 3:11; 1Pet. 2:7; Rev. 21:4). • 3. All apostles were part of the foundation of the Church, not just Peter (Eph. 2:20). • 4. Before the Reformation this verse was only rarely used to support Peter’s primacy and infallibility.

  42. Response to Matthew 16: • 5. Other apostles were given the same authority to bind and loose (Mt. 18:18). • 6. Peter’s use of the “keys” was historical, not ecclesiastical (Acts 2, 10). • 7. Even if it does refer to Peter (Petros), it does not support infallibility, succession, or exclusive authority. • 8. Other verses show Peter had no primacy (Acts 8:14; 11:1- 18; 15:13-21; Gal. 2:11-14).

  43. 4. Verses Misused to Prove Infallibility • Luke 22:31-32:“Simon, Simon! Indeed, Satan as asked for you, that he may sift you as wheat. But I have prayed for you, that your faith should not fail; and when you have returned to Me, strengthen your brethren.”

  44. Response to Luke 22: • 1. Jesus only prayed for Peter because only Peter said, “Even if all are made to stumble, yet I will not be” (Mk. 14:29). • 2. It is granted that Peter was the leader of the 12 and would be strengthened by the experience and better able to help others. • 3. But there is nothing in the text about infallibility or successors of Peter.

  45. 4. Verses Misused to Prove Infallibility • John 16:13:”When, He, the Spirit of Truth, has come, He will guide you into all truth; for He will not speak on His own authority….” • Response: • 1. It was not limited to Peter (Jn. 13:5, 23). • 2. There is nothing about infallibility here. • 3. All Jesus taught the apostles was put in writing in the NT (Lk. 1:1-4).

  46. III. In Defense of Evangelicalism • A. The Bible alone (sola Scriptura) • B. Christ alone (sola Christa)

  47. B. Christ alone (sola Christa) • 1. Not Christ plus Purgatory • Christ purged all our sins on the Cross (Heb. 1:3; Jn. 19:30; Isa. 53:4-6). • There is no Purgatory (Lk. 16:19-26; Heb. 9:27; Rom. 8:1).

  48. B. Christ alone (sola Christa) • 1. Not Christ plus Purgatory • Christ purged all our sins on the Cross (Heb. 1:3; Jn. 19:30; Isa. 53:4-6). • There is no Purgatory (Lk. 16:19-26; Heb. 9:27; Rom. 8:1). • 2. Not Christ plus Mary called: • “Queen of Heaven” (see Jer. 7:18). • “Mother of God” (see Mt. 1:20-21: Lk. 1:43, 46). • “Co-Mediatrix” (see 1Tim. 2:5). • “Co-Redemptress” (Heb. 1:3; 7:25; 10:12-14)

  49. A. In Defense of Evangelicalism • A. The Bible alone (sola Scriptura) • B. Christ alone (sola Christa) • C. Grace alone (sola gratia)

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