Unfamiliar word Definition Aditional Information Use Clues to Determine Meaning In 1991, scientists made another form of carbon—the nanotube. A nanotube is a form of carbon in which atoms are arranged in the shape of a long, hollow cylinder or tube. Only a few nanometers wide in diameter, nanotubes are tiny, light, flexible, and extremely strong. They also are good conductors of electricity and heat.

Apply It! Review the clues to the meaning of nanotube. Then answer the following questions. 1. What is the definition of nanotube? It is a form of carbon in which atoms are arranged in the shape of a long, hollow cylinder or tube. 2. What additional information helps you understand nanotubes? Nanotubes are tiny, light, flexible, and extremely strong. They are good conductors of electricity and heat. As you come across other unfamiliar words in the chapter, look for clues to unlock their meaning.

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Section 1:Properties of Carbon • Why does carbon play a central role in the chemistry of living organisms? • What are four forms of pure carbon?

Carbon Atoms and Bonding • Carbon atoms and the bonds between them can be modeled in several ways.

Carbon Atoms and Bonding • Because of its unique ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, carbon has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms. With four valence electrons, each carbon atom is able to form four bonds. Carbon atoms can form straight chains, branched chains, and rings.

Forms of Pure Carbon • Diamond, graphite, fullerenes, and nanotubes are four forms of the element carbon.

Carbon Bonding Activity • Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about carbon bonding.

End of Section:Properties of Carbon

Section 2:Carbon Compounds • What are some similar properties shared by organic compounds? • What are some properties of hydrocarbons? • What kind of structures and bonding do hydrocarbons have? • What are some of the characteristics of substituted hydrocarbons, esters, and polymers?

Carbon Everywhere • Carbon is a part of your daily life. Even during a simple shopping trip, you’ll likely encounter many carbon compounds.

Organic Compounds • With some exceptions, compounds that contain carbon are called organic compounds. These three lists represent only a few of the places where organic compounds can be found.

Structure and Bonding in Hydrocarbons • A structural formula shows the kind, number, and arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons • The graph shows the boiling points of several hydrocarbons. (Note: Some points on the y-axis are negative.) • Use the graph to answer the following questions.

Almost in the center of the y-axis Reading Graphs: Where is 0ºC on the graph? Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons

C3H8: about –44ºC;C5H12: about 34ºC;C6H14: about 68ºC Interpreting Data: What is the approximate boiling point of C3H8? C5H12? C6H14? Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons

About 78ºC Calculating: What is the temperature difference between the boiling points of C3H8 and C5H12? Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons

C2H6, C3H8, and C4H10 are gases because their boiling points are below room temperature (about 22ºC). C5H12 and C6H14 may be liquids or solids, depending on their melting points. Drawing Conclusions: At room temperature (about 22ºC), which of the hydrocarbons are gases? How can you tell? Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons

Structure and Bonding in Hydrocarbons • Compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas are called isomers. Each isomer is a different substance with its own characteristic properties.

Structure and Bonding in Hydrocarbons • In addition to forming a single bond, two carbon atoms can form a double bond or a triple bond.

Substituted Hydrocarbons • A hydroxyl group (–OH) is made of an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom. An alcohol is a substituted hydrocarbon that contains one more more hydroxyl groups.

Substituted Hydrocarbons • An organic acid is a substituted hydrocarbon that contains one or more carboxyl groups. A carboxyl group is written as –COOH.

Links on Carbon Compounds • Click the SciLinks button for links on carbon compounds.

Hydrocarbons • Click the Video button to watch a movie about hydrocarbons.

End of Section:Carbon Compounds

Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry Section 3:Polymers and Composites • How do polymers form? • What are composites made of? • How can you help reduce the amount of plastic waste?

Forming Polymers • Polymers form when chemical bonds link large numbers of monomers in a repeating pattern.

Polymers and Composites • The properties of synthetic polymers make them ideal starting materials for many common objects.

More on Polymers • Click the PHSchool.com button for an activityabout polymers.

Polymers • Click the Video button to watch a movie about polymers.

End of Section:Polymers and Composites

Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry Section 4:Life With Carbon • What are four classes of organic compounds required by living things, and how are they used in the body? • Why do organisms need water, vitamins, minerals, and salts?

Carbohydrates • A carbohydrate is an energy-rich organic compound made of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. One of the most important sugars in the body is glucose.

Proteins • Different proteins are made when different sequences of amino acids are linked into long chains. Alanine and serine are two of the 20 amino acids in living things. Each amino acid has a carboxyl group (–COOH) and an amino group (–NH2).

The Molecules of Life • Complex carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids are all large organic molecules. They are built of smaller molecules linked in different patterns.

Links on Organic Compounds • Click the SciLinks button for links on organic compounds.

End of Section:Life With Carbon

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