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LITERARY HISTORY

LITERARY HISTORY. The Renaissance. Renaissance literature. Renaissance 1485 – 1603:

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LITERARY HISTORY

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  1. LITERARY HISTORY The Renaissance

  2. Renaissance literature Renaissance 1485 – 1603: Nowadays the Renaissance is seen as a very complex period that started long before the 16th century (esp. in Italy, 1350). The transition period mainly comprised the change from faith to secularism and from faith to reason.

  3. Renaissance literature Renaissance 1485 – 1603: The Renaissance was caused by a growing interest in religion, economics and greed/expansionism. In Italy the Renaissance started in 1450, in England only in 1500 (after the Reformation).

  4. Renaissance literature Renaissance 1485 – 1603: Renaissance = rebirth 1453 - Fall of Constantinople scientists and artists emigrated to the West, mainly to Rome and Italy. There is a transition from Medieval thinking towards modern thinking. Greek and Roman thinkers became examples for the arts and therefore a new way of thinking arose.

  5. Renaissance literature 1453 - Fall of Constantinople

  6. Renaissance literature The Renaissance was a rebirth both of Man and of Classical Learning and Culture

  7. Renaissance literature The Rebirth of Man in the Middle Ages, man was valued for being like others, whereas in the Renaissance man was valued for the way in which he differed from others. Therefore, the Renaissance attempted to develop all man’s potentialities.

  8. Renaissance literature The Rebirth of Classical learning and culture is shown in Renaissance Humanism: • A preference for original classical scholarship • A critical mind • Emphasis on life on earth • A taste for the ethics of ancient Greece and Rome mixed with Christian principles • Acceptance of Plato’s theories • Science: change from deductive methods to the inductive method of Francis Bacon

  9. Renaissance literature William Caxton (ca. 1415~1422 – ca. March 1492) was an English merchant, diplomat, writer and printer. He is thought to be the first English person to work as a printer and the first to introduce a printing press into England. He was also the first English retailer of printed books (his London contemporaries in the same trade were all Flemish, German or French). Ideas could now be spread because of the art of printing.

  10. Renaissance literature Caxton Showing the First Specimen of His Printing to King Edward IV at the Almonry, Westminster, Daniel Maclise, 1851

  11. Renaissance literature Renaissance Changes Religion: • memento mori became carpe diem • Decline of the influence of the Catholic church • Man’s broadened horizons • Spread of learning • bookprinting

  12. Renaissance literature Renaissance Changes Politics:The break-up of the Feudal system (based on a two-class society and the RC Church) had 3 main causes: • men are not of equal talent, ambition or imagination • the Church lost its influence over society • economic changes (brought about by the Crusades)

  13. Renaissance literature Renaissance Changes Society: • important to investigate life on earth (reaction on medieval times) • New attitude towards women (Middle Ages: despised (Eve) or worshipped) • society expanded rapidly

  14. Renaissance literature Renaissance Changes Economics: • Columbus & Vasco da Gama discovered that the world was not flat • Foreign trade – money – knowledge • Spirit of adventure

  15. Renaissance literature Renaissance Changes Art: • Art for art’s sake • Rise of individualism, men are not of equal talent, ambition, imagination • focus on feelings: e.g. love • New interest in the Classics • sonnet (classical form derived from Italian Latin poetry) • travel stories

  16. Renaissance literature The Vitruvian Man Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was one of the era’s leading polymaths, making important contributions to the arts, sciences and humanities. We can call him a Homo Universalis, which is typical for the Renaissance.

  17. Renaissance literature The English Reformation (1509-1547) • Henry VIII broke free from the Catholic church and founded the Anglican church. The Monarch became the head of the church. • Main shift: viewpoint from other-worldly to the here and now. England occupied a position in between, with neither Reformation (like in Germany), nor Renaissance (like in Italy). Something new was added in the Renaissance (19th century view).

  18. Renaissance literature Henry VIII (1491-1547) Henry VIII was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was Lord, and later King, of Ireland, as well as continuing the nominal claim by the English monarchs to the Kingdom of France. Henry was the second monarch of the House of Tudor, succeeding his father, Henry VII.

  19. Renaissance literature Henry VIII (1491-1547) Besides his six marriages, Henry VIII is known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church. Henry's struggles with Rome led to the separation of the Church of England from papal authority, the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and establishing himself as the Supreme Head of the Church of England. Yet he remained a believer in core Catholic theological teachings, even after his excommunication from the Catholic Church.

  20. Renaissance literature The Six Wives of Henry VIII

  21. Renaissance literature The Elizabethan Worldpicture (1558-1603) The Elizabethan age is of a piece with what went before and what came after it. The Elizabethans could afford to indulge in drama precisely because the moral standards were so powerful. Order, sin and redemption were fused in practice. At the same time the Elizabethans could combine extremes of optimism and pessimism, there was no tyranny of general opinion one way or the other. This one of the things that seperates the Elizabethans from the Victorian world (doctrine of progress).

  22. Renaissance literature The Elizabethan Worldpicture (1558-1603) The Elizabethans pictured the universal order under 3 main forms: • a chain • a series of correspondences or planes • a dance

  23. Renaissance literature The Elizabethan Worldpicture (1558-1603) The Chain of Being: The chain stretched from the foot of God’s throne to the meanest of inanimate objects. The idea began with Plato’s Timaeus, was developed by Aristotle, was adopted by the Alexandrian Jews, was spread by the neo-Platonists and from the Middle Ages till the 18th century was a commonplace, more taken for granted than set forth. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_chain_of_being

  24. Renaissance literature The Elizabethan Worldpicture (1558-1603) mere existence: animate class       existence/life/feeling + understanding = man       existence+life+feeling: sensitive class     existence+life: vegetative class      

  25. Renaissance literature The Elizabethan Worldpicture (1558-1603) The Chain of Being:Shakespeare, though always concerned with man’s position in the chain, only in The Tempest considers the chain itself.

  26. Renaissance literature Petrarca Francesco Petrarca (20 July 1304 – 19 July 1374), known in English as Petrarch, was an Italian scholar and poet, and one of the earliest humanists. Petrarch is often called the “Father of Humanism”.

  27. Renaissance literature The Petrarcan Sonnet A Petrarcan sonnet is almost always about an impossible, hopeless and cleansing love for an unattainable lover who has this almost heavenly beauty.

  28. Renaissance literature The Petrarcan Sonnet A Petrarcan sonnet contains 14 lines: • 1 octave (= 2 quatrains = 2 stanzas of 4 lines • 1 sextet (= 2 terzets = 2 stanzas of 3 lines • a maximum of 5 rhymewords • possible rhymeschemes: abba abba cdd cdd abba abba cdd cee abba abba cde cde

  29. Renaissance literature Sir Thomas Wyatt Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503–1542) was a 16th-century English ambassador and lyrical poet, who lived at Henry VIII’s court. He is credited with introducing the sonnet into English.

  30. Renaissance literature Whoso List to Hunt Whoso list to hunt, I know where is an hind, But as for me, alas, I may no more - The vain travail hath worried me so sore, I am of them that farthest come behind. Yet may I, by no means, my wearied mind Draw from the deer, but as she fleeth afore, Fainting I follow. I leave off therefore, Since in a net I seek to hold the wind. Who list her hunt, I put him out of doubt, As well as I, may spend his time in vain. And graven with diamonds in letters plain There is written her fair neck round about: “Noli me tangere”, for Caesar's I am, And wild FOR to hold, though I seem tame.

  31. Renaissance literature Whoso List to Hunt - rhymescheme Whoso list to hunt, I know where is an hind, But as for me, alas, I may no more - The vain travail hath worried me so sore, I am of them that farthest come behind. Yet may I, by no means, my wearied mind Draw from the deer, but as she fleeth afore, Fainting I follow. I leave off therefore, Since in a net I seek to hold the wind. Who list her hunt, I put him out of doubt, As well as I, may spend his time in vain. And graven with diamonds in letters plain There is written her fair neck round about: “Noli me tangere”, for Caesar's I am, And wild FOR to hold, though I seem tame.

  32. Whoso List to Hunt Whoso list to hunt, I know where is an hind, But as for me, alas, I may no more - The vain travail hath worried me so sore, I am of them that farthest come behind. Yet may I, by no means, my wearied mind Draw from the deer, but as she fleeth afore, Fainting I follow. I leave off therefore, Since in a net I seek to hold the wind. Who list her hunt, I put him out of doubt, As well as I, may spend his time in vain. And graven with diamonds in letters plain There is written her fair neck round about: “Noli me tangere”, for Caesar's I am, And wild FOR to hold, though I seem tame. o c t a v e quatrain quatrain chute s e x t e t terzet terzet

  33. Renaissance literature The Shakespearean Sonnet Later poets, like William Shakespeare, were deeply inspired by Wyatt but developed the much freer English or Shakespearean sonnet.

  34. Renaissance literature The Shakespearean Sonnet A Shakespearean sonnet also contains 14 lines but uses a different format: • 3 quatrains = 3 stanzas of 4 lines • 1 couplet/duplet = 1 stanza of 2 lines • a maximum of 7 rhymewords • rhymescheme: abab cdcd efef gg

  35. Renaissance literature WS: Sonnet 130 My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun; Coral is far more red than her lips' red; If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun; If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head. I have seen roses damasked, red and white, But no such roses see I in her cheeks; And in some perfumes is there more delight Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks. I love to hear her speak, yet well I know That music hath a far more pleasing sound; I grant I never saw a goddess go; My mistress when she walks treads on the ground’. And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare As any she belied with false compare.

  36. Sting: Sister Moon Sister moon will be my guideIn your blue blue shadows I would hideAll good people asleep tonightI'm all by myself in your silver lightI would gaze at your face the whole night throughI'd go out of my mind, but for youLying in a mother's armsThe primal root of a woman's charmsI'm a stranger to the sunMy eyes are too weakHow cold is a heartWhen it's warmth that he seeks?You watch every night, you don't care what I doI'd go out of my mind, but for youI'd go out of my mind, but for youMy mistress' eyes are nothing like the sunMy hunger for her explains everything I've doneTo howl at the moon the whole night throughAnd they really don't care if I doI'd go out of my mind, but for you

  37. Renaissance literature The development of the English Language Short history: Ca.400 – 1066 AD: Old English (1066: Battle of Hastings) 1066 – ca.1500 AD: Middle English Ca.1500 AD – NOW: Modern English  1450 – 1700: Great Vowel Shift

  38. Renaissance literature The development of the English Language Ca.400 – 1066 AD: Old English Hwæt! We Gardena         in geardagum, þeodcyninga,         þrym gefrunon, hu ða æþelingas         ellen fremedon. Oft Scyld Scefing         sceaþena þreatum,

  39. Renaissance literature The development of the English Language 1066 – ca.1500 AD: Middle English Middle English does not really exist. The period can be marked as a transition period between old and modern English.

  40. Renaissance literature The development of the English Language

  41. Renaissance literature The development of the English Language  1450 – 1700: Great Vowel Shift Vowels tended to become closer or become diphthongs. This took place between 1400 and 1600. The Early Middle English Vowel Shortening resulted in the difference in pronunciation between for example sane and sanity. Generally speaking long vowels were raised, becoming closer vowels.

  42.  1450 – 1700: Great Vowel Shift • In earlier days the pronunciation corresponded to the spelling (like in modern Italian). • William Caxton (bookprinting!) decided to use the written language of the area with the greatest influence. • A lot of words though had already undergone a change in pronunciation and that is one of the reasons that there are so many differences in English between writing and speaking.

  43. Renaissance literature William Shakespeare (lower middle class) (26 April 1564 (baptised) – 23 April 1616) English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre- eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". His surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, 2 long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.

  44. Renaissance literature William Shakespeare: A Language Magician Examples of insults used in Shakespeare’s plays: • Thou surly open-arsed infection! • Thou lumpish shag-haired gudgeon! • Thou arrogant prick-eared whore-master! • Thou tongueless toad-spotted hag-seed! • Thou mangled flap-mouthed joithead! • Thou abominable decayed plebian! • Thou pestilent plume-plucked hugger-mugger!

  45. Renaissance literature William Shakespeare’s Plays Shakespeare wrote: • Histories, e.g. Richard III, Henry VI • Comedies, e.g. Midsummer Night’s Dream • Tragedies, e.g. Macbeth, Hamlet, The Tempest • Romances, e.g. Cymbeline

  46. Renaissance literature William Shakespeare’s Plays Shakespeare’s work can be divided into 4 periods: First period (1590-1596) • Comedy, only entertainment, no instructions, influenced by Plautus (classical tradition) • Recurring theme: mistaken identity • only 1 tragedy: Titus Andronicus

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