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Photo: Craig MacKenzie

Photo: Craig MacKenzie. Brought to you by Fruzio. Breeding Season 2.

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Photo: Craig MacKenzie

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  1. Photo: Craig MacKenzie Brought to you by Fruzio Breeding Season 2 Course prepared by Sarah Jamieson for BirdsNew Zealand www.osnz.org.nz with funding from T/GEAR (a New Zealand Charitable Trust). All photos are from www.nzbirdsonline.org.nz, unless otherwise noted. Slides can be customized to meet audience needs, provided the content and branding remain unchanged.

  2. Photo: Neil Fitzgerald Brought to you by Fruzio Breeding Season Part 1: Reproduction • Copulation • Gonads • Egg Morphology • Nests Part 2: Behaviour • Mating Systems • Parental Care Photo: Neil Fitzgerald

  3. Monogamy Brought to you by Fruzio Polyandry Polygyny Mating Systems Polyandrogyny

  4. Photo: Cheryl Pullar Monogamy Steve Attwood Brought to you by Fruzio • form a pair bond • 90% of birds • Duration can range from a single nesting attempt (some passerines) to a lifetime (many seabirds)

  5. Photo: Cheryl Pullar Brought to you by Fruzio Monogamy • form a pair bond • 90% of birds • Duration can range from a single nesting attempt (some passerines) to a lifetime (many seabirds)

  6. Extra Pair Copulations Brought to you by Fruzio • Less than 25% of species are sexually monogamous • 0 to 76% of chicks from monogamous pairs are fathered by an outside male Photo: Peter Reese

  7. 0% 0% Brought to you by Fruzio Photo: Philip Griffin Photo: Craig McKenzie 10% of chicks 20% of broods 37% of chicks 69% of broods Photo: Eugene Polkan Photo: Noel Knight

  8. Brought to you by Fruzio Extra Pair Copulations Some potential costs: Getting dumped! STDs

  9. Brought to you by Fruzio Extra Pair Copulations Fertility Hypothesis: Female is guarding against her partner being infertile

  10. Brought to you by Fruzio Extra Pair Copulations Fertility Hypothesis: Genetic Diversity: Female is guarding against her partner being infertile Female seeking to maximise the diversity of her chicks

  11. Brought to you by Fruzio Extra Pair Copulations Fertility Hypothesis: Genetic Diversity: Good Genes: Female is guarding against her partner being infertile Female seeking to maximise the diversity of her chicks Female tries to obtain the genetic material from high quality males

  12. Extra Pair Copulations Brought to you by Fruzio Fertility Hypothesis: Genetic Diversity: Good Genes: Direct Benefit: Female is guarding against her partner being infertile Female seeking to maximise the diversity of her chicks Female tries to obtain the genetic material from high quality males Female seeks post-fertiliation resources (e.g. access to the neighbouring males territory)

  13. Monogamy Brought to you by Fruzio Mating Systems Polyandry Polygyny Polyandrogyny

  14. Polygyny Brought to you by Fruzio • ~ 2% of birds • mates with more than one • Leks - an area where get together to display to • Displays can be very elaborate • breeding success is quite variable - some sire many chicks while others sire none Photo: Raewyn Adams

  15. Kakapo Brought to you by Fruzio • Only lekking parrot • Lekking grounds has numerous dug out depressions • make a booming noise in these bowls to attract • Booms can be heard up to 5 km away Photo: Dept of Conservation

  16. Monogamy Brought to you by Fruzio Mating Systems Polyandry Polygyny Polyandrogyny

  17. Polyandry Brought to you by Fruzio • When a single mates with more than one • Less than 1% of bird species • Most commonly found in waders • tend to be larger and more brightly coloured than

  18. Photo: Keith Woodley Sequential Polyandry Brought to you by Fruzio • mates with a , lays her eggs, then departs to find a new • Most common form of polyandry

  19. Photo: Keith Woodley Sequential Polyandry Brought to you by Fruzio • mates with a , lays her eggs, then departs to find a new • Most common form of polyandry

  20. Simultaneous Polyandry Brought to you by Fruzio • holds a large territory in which multiple inhabit • Can lead to intense sperm competition and mate guarding Photo: Mike Soper (DOC)

  21. Monogamy Brought to you by Fruzio Mating Systems Polyandry Polygyny Polyandrogyny

  22. Polyandrogyny Brought to you by Fruzio

  23. Polyandrogyny Brought to you by Fruzio ≠ Promiscuity

  24. Polyandrogyny Brought to you by Fruzio • Often live in communal group (up to 12 birds ) • Mate-sharing, alpha sires most chicks • Multiple lay in a single nest Photo: Steve Attwood

  25. Parental Care Brought to you by Fruzio Any behaviour that is carried out by the parent to increase the probability of its offspring survival. Photo: Steffi Ismar

  26. Incubation Brought to you by Fruzio • Sitting on the eggs to keep them warm • Optimum temperature 37-38 C • Ranges from 11 days in small passerines to 79 days in royal albatross Photo: Kyle Morrison

  27. Brooding Brought to you by Fruzio Young chicks often require assistance from their parents in maintaining their body temperature. Photo: Craig McKenzie

  28. Feeding Brought to you by Fruzio Provide food Most provided food items are high in protein which is important for growth Photo: Eugene Polkan

  29. Guarding Brought to you by Fruzio Watching over the offspring to help ward off attacks from predators and competitors.

  30. Defending Brought to you by Fruzio • Protect offspring from attacks • Initial tactics often involves distraction displays • If that fails, the parent will often physically confront the predator Photo: Kyle Morrison

  31. Precocial Altricial Developmental Mode Brought to you by Fruzio Peter Reese

  32. Precocial Altricial Photo: Peter Reese Developmental Mode Brought to you by Fruzio Blindnaked immobile Lost of Care

  33. Precocial Altricial Photo: Noel Knight Photo: Peter Reese Developmental Mode Brought to you by Fruzio Eyes open downy mobile Blindnaked immobile Little Care Lots of Care

  34. Precocial Altricial Photo: Raewyn Adams Developmental Mode Brought to you by Fruzio Eyes open downy mobile Blindnaked immobile Little Care Lots of Care

  35. Biparental Monogamy Parental Care Mating Systems Brought to you by Fruzio

  36. Biparental Monogamy Polygyny Female-only Parental Care Mating Systems Brought to you by Fruzio

  37. Biparental Monogamy Polygyny Female-only Male-onlyCooperative Polyandry Parental Care Mating Systems Brought to you by Fruzio

  38. Biparental Monogamy Polygyny Female-only Male-onlyCooperative Polyandry Cooperative Polyandrogyny Parental Care Mating Systems Brought to you by Fruzio

  39. Exceptions to the rules:Megapodes Brought to you by Fruzio Photos: commons.wikimedia.org JJ Harrison, Mark Marathon, Maureen G

  40. Brought to you by Fruzio Exceptions to the rules:Brood Parasites Photo: Adam Clarke

  41. Photo: Sonja Ross Photo: Craig McKenzie Photo: Malcolm Pullman Parasite Host Brought to you by Fruzio Photo: Sonja Ross

  42. Brought to you by Fruzio • Obligate parasitism (adults that never raise their own young) has evolved in 7 clades • New Zealand has 2 obligate parasites: Shining Cuckoo Long-tailed Cuckoo Hosts: Whitehead, Yellowhead, Brown Creeper Hosts: Grey Warbler, Chatham Island Warbler Photo: Malcolm Pullman Photo: Adam Clarke

  43. Photo: doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007725.g001 Brought to you by Fruzio Brood Parasitism Benefit to the parasite:Can invest energy into mating and producing eggs rather than incubation and chick rearing Costs to the host:At a minimum, there is a non-related chick in the nest competing for food, at a maximum the host loses all of its own chicks

  44. Brood Parasitism - An Arms Race Brought to you by Fruzio Hosts • Start nesting very early before the parasites arrive • Remove parasite eggs • Abort nesting attempts

  45. Brood Parasitism - An Arms Race Brought to you by Fruzio Hosts • Start nesting very early before the parasites arrive • Remove parasite eggs • Abort nesting attempts Parasites • Produce eggs/ chicks that resemble the host’s • Chicks require short incubation times, so they hatch before the host chicks • Destroy nests so that the host needs to start again • If their eggs are removed, some parasite species return to the nest and destroy its content

  46. Photo: Craig McKenzie Brought to you by Fruzio Feathers & Moult Course prepared by Sarah Jamieson for BirdsNew Zealand www.osnz.org.nz with funding from T/GEAR (a New Zealand Charitable Trust). All photos are from www.nzbirdsonline.org.nz, unless otherwise noted. Slides can be customized to meet audience needs, provided the content and branding remain unchanged.

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