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Chapter 10 – Modal (Part 2)

Chapter 10 – Modal (Part 2). Degrees of Certainty: Present Time. 100 % sure: If we are sure that sth is true in the present, we don’t need to use a modal. He is sick. 95% sure: strong degree of certainty/ logical conclusion He must be sick.

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Chapter 10 – Modal (Part 2)

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  1. Chapter 10 – Modal (Part 2)

  2. Degrees of Certainty: Present Time • 100% sure: If we are sure that sth is true in the present, we don’t need to use a modal. • He is sick. • 95% sure: strong degree of certainty/ logical conclusion • He must besick. • 50% or less: Express weak degree of certainty. Meanings same • He may besick. He might besick. He could besick. *maybe = adverb

  3. Ex. 2, p. 182 2. must have the wrong number. 3. may/might/could be at a meeting. 4. may/might/could fit Jimmy. 5. must miss them very much.

  4. Ex. 5, p. 182 • 50% sure • 95% sure • 99% sure • 100% sure

  5. Degrees of Certainty: Present Time – Negative • 100% sure: If we are sure that sth is true in the present, we don’t need to use a modal. • Heisn’thungry. 2. 99% sure: Speaker believes it’s impossible • Sam couldn’t behungry. Sam can’t behungry. 3. 95% sure: logical conclusion –“ best guess” • Sam must not behungry. • Sam didn’t eat dinner with us. That’s the only reason I can guess. 4. 50% or less: possibility • Sam may not be hungry. He might notbe hungry.

  6. Ex. 6, p. 183 • Rob • Linda and Hamid • Lucy

  7. Ex. 7, p. 183 • be home. • be thirsty. • like nuts. • have many friends.

  8. Ex. 9, p. 184 • may be • can’t be • don’t run • could be • must be • might be • may be • couldn’t be • could be • might be • I’ll go • ‘s

  9. Ex. 11, p. 185 • might have left • couldn’t have left • must have left

  10. Degrees of Certainty: Past Time • 100% sure: If we are sure that sth is true in the past, we don’t need to use a modal. • She was sick. • 95% sure: strong degree of certainty/ logical conclusion • She must have beensick. • 50% or less: Express weak degree of certainty. Same meaning: • She may have beensick. • She might have beensick. • She could have beensick.

  11. Degrees of Certainty: Past Time (Negative) • 100% sure: If we are sure that sth is true in the past, we don’t need to use a modal. • Hewasn’t hungry. • 99% sure: Speaker believes it’s impossible • Sam couldn’t have been hungry. • Sam can’t have beenhungry. • 95% sure: logical conclusion • Sam must not have beenhungry. • Sam didn’t eat dinner with us. Only reason I can think of. • 50% or less: mentioning a possibility • Sam may not havebeenhungry. • He might not have beenhungry.

  12. Exercise 12 p. 186 2. couldn't have been   (negative past 99%) 3. must have been  (affirmative past - 95%) 4.must not have gotten  (negative past - 95%) 5. may/might/ could have gotten (affirmative - 50%)

  13. Exercise 13 2. It may have been David. 3. It must have been Dylan. 4. It couldn’t have been Dick. 5. It must not have been Doug.

  14. Exercise 16 p. 188 2. must not like   (pres) 3. must have been (past) 4. must be  (pres) 5. must not speak (pres) 6. must be (pres) 7. must have hurt (past) 8. must mean  (pres) 9. must have been (past)

  15. Exercise 17 • 50% • 100% • 50% • 90% • 50%

  16. Homework – Past Modal Quiz • should have stayed • are supposed to have • could have gone • must have gone • was supposed to call • may have forgotten • could have phoned • could not have come -(past neg 99% impossible) p.186 • should not have gone • had to take (past necessity p. 164) • It may have been • couldn’t have seen

  17. Degrees of Certainty: Future Time • 100% sure: speaker feels sure. • He will do well on the test. 2. 90% sure: speaker is almost sure • He should do well on the test. • He ought to do well on the test. 3. 50% or less: speaker is guessing • He may do well on the test. • He might dowell on the test. • He could dowell on the test.

  18. Exercise 18, p. 189 • Ned • Marco • Linda

  19. Exercise 19 3. must be 4. may/should/could/ might/will 5. should • will • must • will/should/ought to • should/will • must • should have • must have

  20. Progressive Forms of Modals • Present Time: modal + be + verb +ing Means ~ in progress right now. • Tom may be sleeping…. 2. Past time: modal + have been verb + ing Means ~ in progress at a time in the past • Tom may have been sleeping…

  21. Exercise 24 3. must be burning   (certain bc smell smoke) 4. may be talking .... may be talking 5. must be playing 6. may be staying.... might be staying 7. should be studying 8. must be joking 9. could have been joking 10. must have been joking

  22. Modal Review: • Must - 95% certainty • Should- 90% expectation • May/might/could – 50% or less certainty

  23. Ex. 29 p. 197 2. B 3. A • C • B • A • B • C • A • B • B • B

  24. Ex. 35, p. 200-201 2. would give • used to be • used to be … would start • would take • used to live.. would go… would wake… would hike… would see • used to be … would get … would spend…would find… would gather

  25. Can and Could Can – expresses • Physical ability - Past form could • I can run 5 miles. • I could run 5 miles three years ago. • 5 Senses • I can see your car. • Acquired skilled (knows how…) • Maria can play the piano. • Possibility • You can buy stamps at the post office. • Permissionin informal situations (may – formal) • You can/may leave after you finish your test.

  26. Would/Used to – Past Repeated Actions • Would: an action that was repeated regularly in the past. (Same meaning as used to – habitual past) • When I was a child, my father would readme a story at night. • When I was a child, my father used to readme a story at night. 2. Used to: a situation that existed in the past. Would is used only for regularly repeated actions in the past. In this case would may not be used. • I used to livein California. • They used to drivea Ford.

  27. Would you rather…? • Would you rather find true loveOR 10 million dollars? • Would you rather be rich and ugly, OR poor and good looking? • Would you rather love and not be loved back, OR be loved but never love? • Would you rather be with someone who is smart but ugly, OR someone who is attractive, but not smart? • Would you rather be king/or queen of the universe for one year OR get what you want for one year? • Would you rather go to your GW class OR SL class?

  28. Expressing Preferences – Would Rather • Would rather – expresses preferences • I would rather go to a movie tonight than study grammar. • I would rather study history than (study) biology. 2. Negative Form: Would rather not   • How old are you? I’d rather not say. 3. Past Form: would rather have + past participle • I would rather have gone to the concert last night. 4. Progressive form: would rather be + verb+ing • I would rather be lying on a beach in Hawaii than (be) sitting in class right now.

  29. Ex. 37, p. 202 • I would rather stay home tonight. • Yes, but I would rather have stayed home. (past) • I’m studying grammar, but I would rather be watching TV at home. (progressive) • I would rather play soccer than basketball. Not me. I would rather play basketball than soccer. I would rather take a trip with my friends than my girlfriend. Not me. I would rather take a trip with my girlfriend than my friends. I would rather defend than fight. Not me. I would rather fight than defend.

  30. Modals & Phrasal Modals • modals - only one modal (one word) • I willcan go. • modals + phrasal modal • I will be able to • I willhave to • Phrasal modal + phrasal modal • Tom isn’t going tobe able to help you.

  31. Exercise 40   1. will you be able to get 2. are going to have to take 3. am not going to be able to attend

  32. Ex. 41, p. 203 2. have to be able to 3. must not have been able 4. would rather not have to 5. should not have to

  33. Quiz 13 Chapter 9 Review 1. May I borrow your grammar book? 2. Could you please turn the AC off? 3. He doesn't have to work for a living. 4.I should have studied for the quiz, but I didn't. 5. Why don't you call me tomorrow? 6. Olivia and Robert should get married. OR Olivia and Robert should have gotten married. 7. If you lose your credit card, you should cancel the card immediately. 8. John must go to bed at 8:30 tonight. 9. When Mark is sick, he should stay home. OR When Mark was sick, he should have stayed home. 10. Let's go to the grocery store. I need some milk.

  34. Quiz 11 Chapter 9 & 10 Review 1. Alice must have forgotten... 2. Children have to go to bed... 3. The meeting with our attorney is supposed to start at 9:30... 4. Dan had better not use bad language around his parents. 5. I might be able to meet you... 6. Jason should have spent less money... 7. Maxine would rather drink coffee... 8. May I borrow... 9 Students may leave... 10. That couldn't be true... 11. Charles must be at work... 12. My uncle Willy will not be able to come for ... 13. Emily, can you lend me...?  will you lend me...? 14. We may/might/could get together ... 15. When I was growing up, we could ride...

  35. Modals – ReviewChapter 9 Test    A. 1. if I opened the window 2. you help me wash the dishes 3. taking me to the airport 4. I go to a movie tonight 5. you vacuum the carpet  B. 1. had to 2. do (we ) have to 3. must not 4. have to 5. don't have to

  36. Modals – Review Chapter 9 Test    C. 1. should (not) have 2. could 3. should have stayed  ( past - advice) 4. could have 5. should D. 1. must, could, should 2. don't have to, Why don't , have to , could, have to, had better, should have E. 1. Silivia must send out... 2. In the U.S., children are supposed to go to.. 3. Could you please....? 4. Tony shouldn't have come to... 5. Would you mind calling me...?

  37. Chapter 10 Test 1. could/may/might be 2. must be/ must have been 3. can/could change, could/ may/might be 4. could/may/might need 5. should finish B. 1. a. Linda b. Liz c. Sam 2. Mr. French b. Mrs. White c. Ms. Adams

  38. Chapter 10 Test C. 1. should be leaving 2. could/may/might be raining 3. must/could/may/ might be leaking 4. should be cleaning 5. could/may/might be meeting D. 1. couldn't 2. can 3. can 4. can't 5. could, can E. 1. would call 2. would rather be eating 3. would give 4. would play 5. would rather live

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