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Scientific Management

Scientific Management. I. Scientific Management movement A. Leaders B. Principles C. Implementation II. Production in the Progressive Era A. The Divided Economy B. The Labor Problem C. Progressive Values III. Issues A. Breakdown of craft B. Restructuring of pay

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Scientific Management

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  1. Scientific Management I. Scientific Management movement A. Leaders B. Principles C. Implementation II. Production in the Progressive Era A. The Divided Economy B. The Labor Problem C. Progressive Values III. Issues A. Breakdown of craft B. Restructuring of pay C. Speedup of work D. Resistance E. Ideals versus Reality

  2. Leaders • Similarities • Upper class origins • Working class pretensions • Differences • Skilled v. unskilled • Union v. non-union Frank and Lillian Gilbreth Frederick Winslow Taylor

  3. Principles • The “one best way” • Incentives

  4. Implementation • Time-Motion Study • Therbligs • Pace setting • Piecework

  5. Progressive Values • Science • Efficiency • Concern about poverty • Middle class belief that class conflict was wasteful, unnecessary • Masculinity Louis Brandeis, inventor of the term “scientific management”

  6. The Divided Economy • Problems for industrialists: • Mergers fail to keep profits high • Must lower costs • Cannot divide or mechanize craft labor

  7. The Labor Problem • Increasing strike activity: • 1897: 1,110 stoppages • 1905: 2,186 stoppages Cart overturned during teamsters’ strike, Chicago, 1902

  8. Breakdown of craft • Eroding skill means reducing bargaining power • Alienates workers • Intelligence • Manhood

  9. Restructuring pay • Speed v. Quality • Age and infirmity William Gropper, “Piece Work”

  10. Speedup • Every year, one out of 500 Pittsburgh workers died on the job Gilbreth’s shaving experiment

  11. Resistance IAM president James O’Connell Strike at Kellogg Switchboard and Supply Co, Chicago, 1903

  12. Ideals v. Reality • Employers adopt ideas about efficiency, productivity • Reject consultant’s methods of obtaining worker obedience • High pay • Unions • Psychology U.S. Navy shipyard, Hog Island, 1918

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