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:2009.11.12

2. ??????????????????:Linux?????????????:??????????:???????Linux?????,?????????Linux,??????????;??Linux????????????????????. ????. 3. ??:???????????:Linux?????????:Linux??????????????:Linux??????????????:Linux????????????:Linux?????????????:Linux?????????. ??. 4. ???????????? ????????????

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:2009.11.12

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    1. 1

    2. 2

    3. 3 ??:???????? ???:Linux?????? ???:Linux??????????? ???:Linux??????????? ???:Linux????????? ???:Linux?????????? ???:Linux?????????

    4. 4

    5. 5

    6. 6

    7. 7 ??:?? ??:?? ??:?? ??:?? ??:?? ??:?? ??:?? ??:??

    8. 8 ???: Linux?????? ???: Linux??????????? ???: Linux??????????? ???: Linux????????? ???: Linux?????????? ???: Linux?????????

    9. 9 ???:Linux??????

    10. 10

    11. 11 Linux?????????????????????????? 1991?,?????Linus Torvalds??????????UNIX???????,??Linux??,?????????????????,Linus??????Linux??Internet????????????????hack??????????????,Linux??????? Linux???????????????,?????????Linux??????????????????????Linux??????????,??Linux????GPL,??GNU????????? Linux???????,?????,??IBM?INTEL?CA?ORACLE????????????,????????,????????????? Linux????,??????????????????????? Linux?????????????,????????????????linux????

    12. 12 ???:???????????,???????????(OSI)????? ???:???????????????,??????????(??:?????)??????,????? ???:??????????????,?????????????? ??????? :Linux??????????:??????????Linux????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????? ?????:???????????????????????,???????????,??????????????,?????????,???????????????Linux?????????????,????????????? ??????????:????????Linux????? ???????:Linux???????????,???????????????????????????,???????????????????????? ???????:??????????????????????????????????????Linux???????????,??????????????????????????????????Maemo????Android?Chrome OS,??????Moblin?

    13. 13

    14. 14 ????

    15. 15

    16. 16 ???:Linux???????????

    17. 17 2.1????????,??????????

    18. 18 2.2 ????,????

    19. 19 2.3?????????????,???????,??????,??????

    20. 20 2.4?Next??

    21. 21 2.5????

    22. 22 2.6??????,???????U.S.English

    23. 23 2.7??????,?????,??????,????

    24. 24 2.8?????

    25. 25 2.9????

    26. 26 2.10?????(????root)???, ??!!

    27. 27 2.11????

    28. 28 2.12 ??????

    29. 29 2.13???????

    30. 30 2.14???????

    31. 31 2.15????????????

    32. 32 2.16??????

    33. 33 2.17????

    34. 34 2.18????????

    35. 35 2.19????,????

    36. 36 2.20?????,?????????

    37. 37 2.21?????

    38. 38 2.22????

    39. 39 2.23?????????

    40. 40 2.24????

    41. 41 2.25??????????,????????

    42. 42 2.26??????

    43. 43 2.27????

    44. 44 2.28Linux-Windows????1

    45. 45 2.28Linux-Windows????2

    46. 46 2.28Linux-Windows????3

    47. 47 2.28Linux-Windows????4

    48. 48 2.28Linux-Windows????5

    49. 49 2.29??????? RPM Yum ???????

    50. 50 2.30yum ?????yum?????? yum = Yellow dog Updater, Modified ???????????/??/??RPM?,?????? ??????,????????????? yum???????: 1???????????????:yum check-update 2???????????:yum update 3???????????:yum install <package_name> 4??YUM???????:yum remove <package_name> 5????????: yum search <package_name> ??:yum search pidgin ; yum install pidgin ; yum remove pidgin

    51. 51 ????? #cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts #vi ifcfg-eth0 ????IP? #vi ifcfg-eth1 ????IP? ???IP?,?????? # /etc/init.d/network restart ??:?ifcfg-eth0? ifcfg-eth1 ??GATEWAY=??IP DNS: ?/etc/resolv.conf ??nameserver DNSIP ??yum?????????????????yum???????????????

    52. 52 ???:Linux???????????

    53. 53 ??:????????????,?????(???)????????(??,??,???)?????????? ?????,??????????,??????????????????(inode)???,??????????????? ???:??????,???,??,???,????? ???:?????????,?????????????,???.?? ????:????????????,?????

    54. 54 ????????????(?????????????????)????????;???????????????????????;????????????,?????????(mount)????;????(mount)????,??????????; ??????????(?????????????????)??????????,?NTFS?FAT ; ???????????????????Linux?,???????????????,????????????????;????????????,???????????????,??????????Linux???????ls ?????????; ?????????????????????????????????????????????; ?????,????????????????????,????????????????????????,???????,???????????????;????????????????????????,??NFS?

    55. 55

    56. 56

    57. 57 ??????? ??????????????????,?????????????,??????????????????????????????????????Linux??mkfs???? ???? ??????????:/dev/sdb ??:#fdisk /dev/sdb ?????,?????/dev/sdb1 ??????:#mkfs t ?????? /dev/sdb1

    58. 58

    59. 59

    60. 60

    61. 61 ???? ????:ASCII????? ??,?:-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 39599 Mar 8 12:15 x ?????:?????????????,?????,?????????? ??,?:-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 46888960 Dec 9 2005 x.sh ????:d???? ?:drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 2 2006 bin ?.???? ?????:b???? ?:brw-rw---- 1 root disk 3, 1 Jan 30 2003 hda1 ??????:c???? ?:crw------- 1 root root 4, 1 Jul 31 13:49 tty1

    62. 62

    63. 63

    64. 64 ???:Linux?????????

    65. 65 ??Linux???????,???????? Linux ??????? ??????;????,??????,???????;???????????????,????????? Linux ???????? ?????????????????,??????????????????,?????????????; ????,???????,???FTP?????????web ??????????,?????,??????????????;?????,???????????????;?????????????,????????????????,?????????,???????????; ??????:????????????????????????????????????,??????????????,???????????,??????????????????????;

    66. 66 ??(user)??? Linux ??????????????,Linux?????????(user),?Linux??????????????????? ???(group)???; ???(group)???????????(user)????;?????????????????,??????????????????,???????,????????????,????????????,?????????????,????????????????????????,???????????????????; ????????????:??????????????? ???:???????????????; ???:????????????????,????????; ???:???????????????; ???:???????????,???????????????;????????????????;????????,??????

    67. 67 ???(user)??????? /etc/passwd ?:??(user)?????; /etc/shadow ?:??(user)??????; ????(group)??????? /etc/group ?:???(group)????; /etc/gshadow ?:???(group)?????;

    68. 68 useradd ?:???? adduser ?:???? userdel ?:???? passwd ?:??????? usermod ?:??????,????usermod ?????????????? pwconv ?:?????/etc/passwd ?/etc/shadow pwck ?:pwck?????????/etc/passwd ?/etc/shadow ???????????; pwunconv ?:?pwcov ??????,??/etc/shadow? /etc/passwd ??/etc/passwd ,????? /etc/shadow ??; finger ?:???????? id ?:?????UID?GID???????? chfn ?:???????? su ?:?????? sudo ?:sudo ?????????????(execute a command as another user),su ???????,??????????????????,?sudo ?????????,??sudo ???root ???????root ???????root?????????;????visudo ???/etc/sudoers???; visudo ?:visodo ??? /etc/sudoers ???;?????????,???vi ??? /etc/sudoers ???????; sudoedit ?:?sudo ?????

    69. 69 groupadd ?:?????; groupdel ?:?????; groupmod ?:???????; groups ?:??????????; grpck/grpconv ?:??/etc/group?/etc/gshadow ???????????/etc/gshadow ,??/etc/gshadow ??????; grpunconv ?:??/etc/group ?/etc/gshadow ??????????/etc/group,????gshadow???

    70. 70 /etc/skel ?? /etc/skel????????????????,??????root????,??????,????????????????????????;/etc/skel ????????????,?????.file???;?????????????/etc/skel??????,??????????????????????? /etc/skel ??????,????useradd ?adduser ??????(user)?,????????????(user)?????;???????? /etc/passwd ??????,??????????????,???/etc/skel ??????????????,????chown ?????????????

    71. 71 /etc/default/useradd ?? ??useradd ?????????? ????: # useradd defaults file GROUP=100 HOME=/home ?:?????????/home?; INACTIVE=-1 ?:??????????,-1?????; EXPIRE= ?:??????,????????; SHELL=/bin/bash ?:??SHELL???; SKEL=/etc/skel ?: ?????????????????;????,????adduser?????,?????????,?????????????;

    72. 72 /etc/login.defs ???? /etc/login.defs ??????????????,???????,???????,UID?GID???;???????,?????????root????; ??Fedora ? /etc/logins.defs ????(????????) MAIL_DIR /var/spool/mail ?:?????,????/var/spool/mail???????mail??; PASS_MAX_DAYS 99999 ?:?????????????; PASS_MIN_DAYS 0 ?:???????????; PASS_MIN_LEN 5 ?:??????; PASS_WARN_AGE 7 ?:UID_MIN 500 ?:??UID?500 ,?????????,UID ??500???; UID_MAX 60000 ?:??UID?60000; GID_MIN 500 ?:GID ??500??; GID_MAX 60000 CREATE_HOME yes ?:????????,????;

    73. 73 ????????? umask umask ??????????????????????????,umask ????????,???????????: ??????????????????:-rw------- ?????????????????: drwx--x--x ??????,umask ??????????????666?????,????????666??umask?????; ??????,umask ??????????????777?????,???????777??umask?????

    74. 74 setuid?setgid ? setuid ?setgid??????????root?????????root???????????? setuid?setgid?????; ?????:?????: setuid????????4000,setgid????????2000 ??setuid?????,???????chmod?????????????????????????,???4???: [root@localhost ~]# chmod 4755 /bin/rm ?:??rm????4755 , ??setuid ????? -rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 26556 Feb 19 2003 /bin/rm ??setgid ?????????2000?, ????setuid?setgid,???setuid?setgid????????? (4000+2000=6000),??????????????????,????chmod ??????

    75. 75 ??test??,?????workgroup? ???: #groupadd u 1000 workgroup ????: #useradd u 1000 g 1000 m /home/test s /bin/bash test ??test?? #userdel test #rm rf /home/test

    76. 76 ???:Linux??????????

    77. 77 ??????? ??????? ???????

    78. 78 ??????:ls cd dir ??????:cat more less ??????:mkdir rmdir ??????:touch vi rm cp mv ln tar gzip gunzip whereis whatis

    79. 79 ls(list)??????????,????????????????????,????????????????????????? ??:ls[??] [??????] Ls ???-a,-l??;-m(?????);-F(??,??);--color(??)Ls ???-a,-l??;-m(?????);-F(??,??);--color(??)

    80. 80 cd (change directory)?????????????? ????: [test@linux home]$ cd test ?????????test??? [test@linux test]$ cd .. ???????? [test@linux home]$ cd / ???????? [test@linux /]$ cd ?????????(???cd~) [test@linux test]$ cd /usr/bin ???/usr/bin??

    81. 81 mkdir(make directory)?????????? ??:mkdir [??] <???> [test@linux test]$ mkdir dir ????????dir?? [test@linux test]$ mkdir -p dir1/dir2 ????????dir1??,??dir1?????dir2??,???????????(dir1/?dir1/dir2) ?.rmdir(remove directory)???????????? ??:rmdir [??]<???> [test@linux test]$ rmdir dir ???????dir [test@linux test]$ rmdir p dir1/dir2 ??dir1??dir2??,?dir1????????

    82. 82 cp(copy)?????????????????????? cp????????????????????????, ?????????????????? ??:cp[??]<?????><??????> [test@linux test]$ cp test1.txt test2.txt ?test1.text???test2.txt [test@linux test]$ cp test3.txt /tmp ?test3.txt???/tmp??? [test@linux test]$ cp r test1(??) test2(??) ?-r??,????

    83. 83 ??:??????? ??:rm[??] <??????> [test@linux test]$ rm myfiles ?????? [test@linux test]$ rm * ???????????? -f??:?????? [test@linux test]$ rm f *.txt ???????????txt?? -r??:????

    84. 84 -i??:??????? [test@linux test]$ rm i * ???????????? rm:backup: is a directory ??????? rm : remove myfiles.txt ? Y ????????,??Y?N???????????? ??:???????????,rm?????????????????????????????,???????-f??????

    85. 85 ??:?????????,????????????? ??? ??:cat[??]<???> [test@linux test]$cat test.txt ??test.txt???? [test@linux test]$cat test.txt | more ????test.txt?????? [test@linux test]$cat test.txt >>test1.txt ?test.txt??????test1.txt???? [test@linux test]$cat test.txt test2.txt >readme.txt ?test.txt?test2.txt?????readme.txt??

    86. 86 more????????????????????????????????????????,??????more??,????????????,????????????????,??Q?????? [test@linux test]$ more /etc/named.conf ?? /etc/named.conf??????? ??ls?????????,??????,????more????: [test@linux etc]$ ls -al | more ???????etc????????,??????????,?????????????,??Q???

    87. 87 less??????more????,????????????????????less?????????????????,?????????????????????,???less??????:??Q???? [test@linux etc]$less named.conf ??/etc/named.conf??????? [test@linux etc]$ls -al | less ???????/etc????????????????????Q???

    88. 88 head??:???????????? ??:head[??]<???> [root@linux root]# head -10 /etc/passwd ??/etc/passwd/????10??? tail??:???????????? ??:tail[??]<???> [root@linux root]# tail -10 /etc/passwd ??/etc/passwd/?????10???

    89. 89 ??:???????????????,??????????? ??:[??]<??????> <???????> [test@linux dir1]$ mv a.txt ../ ?a.txt???????? [test@linux dir1]$ mv a.txt b.txt ?a.txt???b.txt [test@linux dir1]$ mv dir2 ../ ?dir2??????

    90. 90 ??:???????????????? ??:pwd [test@linux test]$ pwd /home/test ????test????????/home/test

    91. 91 Find??:????????? ??:find [<??>] [????] [root@linux root]# find / -name httpd.conf ??????????httpd.conf??? /etc/httpd/httpd.conf ?????? [root@linux root]# find /etc name httpd.conf ??/etc?????httpd.conf???,????? /etc/httpd/httpd.conf ??????

    92. 92 ??:???????????????? ??:grep[??] <?????> <?????????> [root@linux root]# grep linux test.txt ??test.txt??????linux??? [root@linux root]# rpm -qa | grep httpd ??rpm????httpd????? ?:who | grep tty1

    93. 93 ??:???????????????/????????? ??:touch[??]<???> [test@linux test]$ touch * ??????????????????? [test@linux test]$ touch d 20070806 test ?test???????20070806 [test@linux test]$ touch abc ?abc????,???????????;????,??????????????

    94. 94 ??:?????????????? ??:who/w[??] [root@linux root]# who root tty1 1??????? test pts/0 1???????

    95. 95 tar????/bin???,??????????????????????,????????Unix???????????tar????????????,??gzip???????xxx.tar.gz(???xxx.tgz)???? ??:tar????????,?????????? ????: -c:?????tar?? -v:????????? -f:????? -z:??gzip???????? -t:????????? -x:??tar??

    96. 96 [root@linux test]# tar -cvf test.tar * ????????test.tar,???.tar????? [root@linux test]# tar -zcvf test.tar.gz * ????????test.tar,??gzip???? [root@linux ljr]# tar -tf test.tar ??test.tar?????????? [root@linux test]# tar -xvf test.tar ?test.tar?? [root@linux test]# tar -zxvf foo.tar.gz ?foo.tar.gz???

    97. 97 date??????/????????? [root@linux root]# date 121010232004 ??????12?10?10?23?2004? [MMDDhhmmYY] [root@linux root]# cal ???? [root@linux root]# clock ??????

    98. 98 cal(calendar) ??:?????? ??:cal [??] ? ? [root@linux root]# cal ??????? [root@linux root]# cal 4 2004 ??2004?4???? [root@linux root]# cal -y 2003 ??2003????

    99. 99 ??vi??? vi filename :???????,?????????? vi +n filename :????,???????n?? vi + filename :????,??????????? vi +/pattern filename:????,??????????pattern????? vi -r filename :?????vi?????????,??filename vi filename....filename :??????,?????? ??????? ?:k nk:????n? ?:j nj:????n? ?:h nh:????n? ?:l nl:????n? gg??????? G??????

    100. 100 ?.??????? Ctrl+u:??????? Ctrl+d:??????? Ctrl+f:??????? Ctrl+b:??????? z???"-"---??????????????? z???"."---??????????????? nz????:??n???????,???n??????????? ?.??????? i :???? I :????? a:??? A:????? o:?????????? O:?????????? r:?????? R:????????????,???ESC? s:??????????,??????????????? S:????????,?????????? ncw?nCW:???????? nCC:????????

    101. 101 ?.?????? :n1,n2 co n3:?n1??n2??????????n3?? :n1,n2 m n3:?n1??n2??????????n3?? :n1,n2 d :?n1??n2???????? :w :?????? :e filename:????filename???? :x:????????? :q:??vi :q!:????????vi :!command:??shell??command :n1,n2 w!command:????n1??n2??????command???????,????n1,n2,????????????command??? :r!command:???command??????????

    102. 102 ?.???? ndw?ndW:???????????n-1?? d0:???? d$:???? ndd:????????n-1? x?X:??????,x??????,?X?????? Ctrl+u:????????????? ?.??????? /pattern:????????????pattern ?pattern:????????????pattern n:?????????????? N:?????????????? :s/p1/p2/g:???????p1??p2?? :n1,n2s/p1/p2/g:??n1?n2????p1??p2?? :g/p1/s//p2/g:??????p1??p2??

    103. 103 vim emacs ? k c-p ? j c-n ? h c-b ? l c-f ?????? b m-b ?????? w m-f ?? ( m-a ?? ) m-e ???? c-f c-v ???? c-b m-v ??? gg m-< ???? G m-> ?? 0 c-a ?? $ c-e ?? :w c-x c-s ???? :x|:wq|QQ c-x c-s c-x c-c ???? :q!|ZQ c-x c-c ???? x c-d ?????? dw m-d ???? dd c-k ???? v move x c-@ move c-w ?? p c-y ?? yy c-@ move m-w ?? u c-x u ?? c-r c-x u c-x u ?? %s// c-@ c-m-% ?? c-n|c-p m-/

    104. 104 dmesg?? df?? du?? free??

    105. 105 ??:??????????????????????????????

    106. 106 ??:??????????????????

    107. 107 ??:????????????????????? ??:du [??] <???>

    108. 108 ??:????????,????(????)???????

    109. 109 lftp ???? ssh ????????? netstat ??????? ping ??????????? traceroute ?????? route ????????

    110. 110 lftp???????: ls ?????????? cd ??????????? lcd ??????????? ascii ?????????ASCII?? binary ?????????????? get(mget) ?????????????? put(mput) ?????????????? quit????????????ftp mirror ?????????????? mirror -R ?????????????? ???????lftp??

    111. 111 ssh??????? ssh ???/IP ?????/IP?????????????IP?? ssh?????????????,???? X Wndow????? scp ????

    112. 112 netstat 1.?? ????Linux????? 2.?? netstat[-acCeFghilMnNoprstuvVwx][-A][--ip] 3.???? -a--all:????????Socket? -c--continuous:????????? -e--extend:??????????? -g--groups:??????????????? -i--interfaces:??????????? -l--listening:??????????Socket? -n--numeric:????IP??,?????????? -r--route:??RoutingTable? -s--statistice:???????????? -t--tcp:??TCP?????????? -u--udp:??UDP?????????? -v--verbose:????????? -w--raw:??RAW??????????

    113. 113 ping [??] ???/IP?? ???????????: -c ?? ???????????? -f ????????????????,????? -I ?? ??????????????????,????????? -l ?? ??????,????????????????(?????????????) -q ????????????,???????? -r ????????????????,????????????????? -s ??? ??????????,????56,??8???ICMP?,???64ICMP????

    114. 114 ??????ping??????????????,?????????????????????? ??????????? ?????traceroute????? [root@linux ~]# traceroute [-nwig] IP ??: -n :?????????????,???IP ,????! -w :???????????????????...???5? -i :?????????,??????????????,????????; ????,????ADSL???????,?????????ppp,?????-i????ppp0??ppp1?! -g :?-i?????,??-g?????gateway?IP???? ???: [root@linux ~]# traceroute -n tw.yahoo.com traceroute to tw.yahoo-ap1.akadns.net (203.84.202.164), 30 hops max, 38 byte packets 1 61.59.121.1 42.174 ms 41.690 ms 41.058 ms 2 139.175.172.2 40.962 ms 41.978 ms 40.973 ms 3 192.72.122.130 40.983 ms 41.930 ms 41.003 ms 4 139.175.58.210 42.956 ms 41.997 ms 42.337 ms 5 139.175.58.153 47.591 ms 47.972 ms 48.748 ms 6 139.175.56.30 48.193 ms 47.970 ms 47.986 ms 7 139.175.57.94 47.959 ms 47.951 ms 47.985 ms 8 139.175.56.138 48.363 ms 47.586 ms 47.995 ms 9 139.175.58.42 49.256 ms 50.668 ms 47.490 ms 10 61.58.33.133 201.882 ms 201.565 ms 200.973 ms 11 61.58.33.50 199.910 ms 199.019 ms 198.961 ms 12 203.84.200.226 202.391 ms 202.567 ms 209.283 ms

    115. 115 ??? IP ??????????? route [-f] [-p] [Command] [Destination] [mask Netmask] [metric Metric] [Gateway] dev [Interface] -f ????????????; -p ? add ???????????????; Command ????????? (Add/Change/Delete/Print); Destination ??????????; mask Netmask ??????????????(????????); metric Metric ?????????????(? 1 ? 9999),?????(??????????????)???????????????; Gateway ????????????????????????????? IP ???

    116. 116

    117. 117 ?????????????????,??OpenOffice?????????????????????? ????????,???????? ??WWW????apache???,?????????,??????????,?????????????httpd??,apache??????????httpd??????????

    118. 118 ???????????????????????? ???????????????,???????,?? ?????????????????????????? ???root???????Fedora?Redhat?,????? ?httpd ?????????????,????? /etc/init.d???,????httpd,/etc/init.d/httpd ??httpd????????,???????????3? 5?,??????,??????? [root@localhost ~]# chkconfig --level 35 httpd on ?????????????,???????????? ????????,???????,???httpd??? ????,????????,???????????

    119. 119 ??ID(PID):??????,??????; ????????ID(PPID); ???????ID(UID)??????(GID); ????:??????R???S???Z; ????????; ?????????; ??????:????????(???CPU???)?

    120. 120 ???????????????,???????,????????????????,????????????httpd??????,??????????,?????????????????? ??????,???????????,?????????,?????,????????????;

    121. 121 ??Linux?????,??????????? ?,??ps?kill?pgrep???

    122. 122 ps ?????; ??????: ps -eLf ps axms ?????: ps -ejH ps axjf l ?????; u ?????????????????; j ??????????; f ??????????; a ???????????(??????); x ??????????; r ????????;

    123. 123 USER ?????; PID ???ID; PPID ????ID; %CPU ?????CPU???; %MEM ????????; NI ???NICE?,???,??????CPU??; VSZ ??????; RSS ???????; TTY ??ID WCHAN ?????????; START ???????; TIME ????CPU???; COMMAND ????????;

    124. 124 STAT ???? D Uninterruptible sleep (usually IO) R ??????????????; S ??????; T ??????; W ??????(???2.6????); X ?????(?????); Z ????; < ??????? N ???????? L ????????; s ??????(????????); l is multi-threaded (using CLONE_THREAD, like NPTL pthreads do) + ????????; WCHAN ?????????; START ???????; TIME ????CPU???; COMMAND ?????????

    125. 125 pgrep ????????????????,??????????? ????? ??:pgrep ???? ??? ????: -l ????????ID; -o ?????ID; -n ?????ID; ??: [root@localhost ~]# pgrep -l httpd 4557 httpd 4560 httpd 4561 httpd 4562 httpd

    126. 126 ??????,????? kill ?killall?pkill?xkill ??????????????,??????,?????????????? ????????????????,?????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????,??????????????,????????????,?????????????mysql???????????????,????pkill mysqld ?killall mysqld ???????;?????????????????,?????kill????

    127. 127 kill????ps ?pgrep ?????????? kill [????] ??ID ?:????????(?????15,????);?? ????????? 9,?????? ?: [root@localhost ~]# pgrep -l gaim 5031 gaim [root@localhost ~]# kill -9 5031

    128. 128 killall ???????,???????? ??:killall ???????? killall ??ps?pgrep ????,???? ??ps?pgrep ?????????? ??: [root@localhost test]# pgrep -l gaim 2979 gaim [root@localhost test]# killall gaim

    129. 129 pkill ?killall ???????,?????????? ??;??????????,??kill??? ????:pkill ???????? ??: [root@localhost test]# pgrep -l gaim 2979 gaim [root@localhost test]# pkill gaim

    130. 130 ?ps ??,top????????????,top ????????? ??: -b ???????,??????????; -c ?????,????????; -d N ???????????,?? -d 5,?????????5?; -i ?????????????; -n NUM ??????,??????? -n 5,??top??5??????; -p PID ????????ID;PID?????; -q ?????????; -s ??????,????????; -S ????,?????????CPU??,????????;

    131. 131 ??!!

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