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Chemistry: The Study of Change

Chemistry: The Study of Change. Chapter 1. The Discovery Process. Chemistry - The study of matter… Matter - Anything that has mass and occupies space. This desk A piece of Aluminum foil What about air? Yes it is matter. . Chemistry - The study of matter and the changes it undergoes.

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Chemistry: The Study of Change

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  1. Chemistry: The Study of Change Chapter 1

  2. The Discovery Process • Chemistry - The study of matter… • Matter - Anything that has mass and occupies space. • This desk • A piece of Aluminum foil • What about air? • Yes it is matter.

  3. Chemistry - The study of matter and the changes it undergoes. • Chemical and physical changes • Energy changes

  4. MAJOR AREAS OF CHEMISTRY • Biochemistry - the study of life at the molecular level • Organic Chemistry - the study of matter containing carbon and hydrogen. • Inorganic Chemistry - the study of matter containing all other elements. • Analytic Chemistry - analyze matter to determine identity and composition.

  5. Physical Chemistry - attempts to explain the way matter behaves. Not only does chemistry cover all the above fields but it’s fingers reach out into many other areas of study other sciences medical practitioners pharmaceutical industry

  6. Chemistry: A Science for the 21st Century • Health and Medicine • Sanitation systems • Surgery with anesthesia • Vaccines and antibiotics • Energy and the Environment • Fossil fuels • Solar energy • Nuclear energy

  7. Chemistry: A Science for the 21st Century • Materials and Technology • Polymers, ceramics, liquid crystals • Room-temperature superconductors? • Molecular computing? • Food and Agriculture • Genetically modified crops • “Natural” pesticides • Specialized fertilizers

  8. The Study of Chemistry Macroscopic Microscopic

  9. testedmodified The scientific method is a systematic approach to research A hypothesis is a tentative explanation for a set of observations

  10. A law is a concise statement of a relationship between phenomena that is always the same under the same conditions. Force = mass x acceleration A theory is a unifying principle that explains a body of facts and/or those laws that are based on them. Atomic Theory

  11. Observation of a phenomenon A question A hypothesis (a potential answer) Experimentation New hypothesis Theory Further experimentation Development of new experimentation and theory

  12. Chemistry In Action: Primordial Helium and the Big Bang Theory In 1940 George Gamow hypothesized that the universe began with a gigantic explosion or big bang. Experimental Support • expanding universe • cosmic background radiation • primordial helium

  13. Water Sugar Gold Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes • Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. • A substance is a form of matter that has a definite composition and distinct properties.

  14. soft drink, milk, solder cement, iron filings in sand A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their distinct identities. • Homogenous mixture – composition of the mixture is the same throughout. • Heterogeneous mixture – composition is not uniform throughout.

  15. magnet distillation Physical means can be used to separate a mixture into its pure components.

  16. An element is a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemicalmeans. • 114 elements have been identified • 82 elements occur naturally on Earth • gold, aluminum, lead, oxygen, carbon • 32 elements have been created by scientists • technetium, americium, seaborgium

  17. Elements: sulfur, arsenic, iodine, magnesium, bismuth, mercury.

  18. Water (H2O) Glucose (C6H12O6) Ammonia (NH3) A compound is a substance composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically united in fixed proportions. Compounds can only be separated into their pure components (elements) by chemical means.

  19. Classifications of Matter

  20. gas solid liquid The Three States of Matter

  21. Matter and Properties • Properties - characteristics of matter • chemical vs. physical • Three states of matter 1. gas - particles widely separated, no definite shape or volume solid 2. liquid - particles closer together, definite volume but no definite shape 3. solid - particles are very close together, define shape and definite volume

  22. Physical or Chemical? sugar dissolving in water ice melting hydrogen burns in air to form water A physical change does not alter the composition or identity of a substance. A chemical change alters the composition or identity of the substance(s) involved.

  23. Chemical property - result in a change in composition and can be observed only through a chemical reaction. • Chemical reaction (chemical change) a process of rearranging, replacing, or adding atoms to produce new substances. hydrogen + oxygen  water products reactants

  24. Extensive and Intensive Properties An extensive property of a material depends upon how much matter is is being considered. • mass • length • volume An intensive property of a material does not depend upon how much matter is is being considered. • density • temperature • color

  25. Measurement in Chemistry Data, Results and Units • Data - individual result of a single measurement or observation. • obtain the mass of a sample • record the temperature of • Results - the outcome of the experiment • Units - the basic quantity of mass, volume or whatever being measured. • A measurement is useless without its units.

  26. ENGLISH AND METRIC UNITS • English system - a collection of measures accumulated throughout English history. • no systematic correlation between measurements. • 1 gal = 4 quarts = 8 pints • Metric System - composed of a set of units that are related to each other decimally. • That is, by powers of tens

  27. Truly systematic • 1 meter = 10 decimeters = 100 centimeters Basic Units of the Metric System Mass gram g Length meter m volume liter L prefixes are used to indicate the power of ten used

  28. weight = c x mass A 1 kg bar will weigh on earth, c = 1.0 1 kg on earth on moon, c ~ 0.1 0.1 kg on moon Matter - anything that occupies space and has mass. • mass – measure of the quantity of matter • SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg) • 1 kg = 1000 g = 1 x 103 g weight – force that gravity exerts on an object

  29. International System of Units (SI)

  30. Volume – SI derived unit for volume is cubic meter (m3) 1 cm3 = (1 x 10-2 m)3 = 1 x 10-6 m3 1 dm3 = (1 x 10-1 m)3 = 1 x 10-3 m3 1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3 = 1 dm3 1 mL = 1 cm3

  31. mass density = volume A piece of platinum metal with a density of 21.5 g/cm3 has a volume of 4.49 cm3. What is its mass? m m d = d = V V Density – SI derived unit for density is kg/m3 1 g/cm3 = 1 g/mL = 1000 kg/m3 = 21.5 g/cm3 x 4.49 cm3 = 96.5 g m = d x V

  32. 0F = x 0C + 32 9 5 K = 0C + 273.15 273 K = 0 0C 373 K = 100 0C 32 0F = 0 0C 212 0F = 100 0C

  33. Conversions between Fahrenheit and Celsius 1. Convert 75oC to oF. 2. Convert -10oF to oC. 1. Ans. 167 oF 2. Ans. -23oC

  34. 0F – 32 = x 0C 0F = x 0C + 32 x (0F – 32) = 0C 5 5 5 0C = x (0F – 32) 0C = x (172.9 – 32) = 78.3 9 9 9 9 9 5 5 Convert 172.9 0F to degrees Celsius.

  35. Chemistry In Action On 9/23/99, $125,000,000 Mars Climate Orbiter entered Mar’s atmosphere 100 km (62 miles) lower than planned and was destroyed by heat. 1 lb = 1 N 1 lb = 4.45 N “This is going to be the cautionary tale that will be embedded into introduction to the metric system in elementary school, high school, and college science courses till the end of time.”

  36. The number of atoms in 12 g of carbon: 602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000 The mass of a single carbon atom in grams: 0.0000000000000000000000199 Scientific Notation 6.022 x 1023 1.99 x 10-23 N x 10n N is a number between 1 and 10 n is a positive or negative integer

  37. move decimal left move decimal right Scientific Notation 568.762 0.00000772 n > 0 n < 0 568.762 = 5.68762 x 102 0.00000772 = 7.72 x 10-6 Addition or Subtraction • Write each quantity with the same exponent n • Combine N1 and N2 • The exponent, n, remains the same 4.31 x 104 + 3.9 x 103 = 4.31 x 104 + 0.39 x 104 = 4.70 x 104

  38. Scientific Notation Multiplication (4.0 x 10-5) x (7.0 x 103) = (4.0 x 7.0) x (10-5+3) = 28 x 10-2 = 2.8 x 10-1 • Multiply N1 and N2 • Add exponents n1and n2 Division 8.5 x 104÷ 5.0 x 109 = (8.5 ÷ 5.0) x 104-9 = 1.7 x 10-5 • Divide N1 and N2 • Subtract exponents n1and n2

  39. Scientific Notation • The measuring devise determines the number of significant figures a measurement has. • In this section you will learn • to determine the correct number of significant figures (sig figs) to record in a measurement • to count the number of sig figs in a recorded value • to determine the number of sig figs that should be retained in a calculation.

  40. Significant figures - all digits in a number representing data or results that are known with certainty plus one uncertain digit.

  41. Significant Figures • Any digit that is not zero is significant • 1.234 kg 4 significant figures • Zeros between nonzero digits are significant • 606 m 3 significant figures • Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant • 0.08 L 1 significant figure • If a number is greater than 1, then all zeros to the right of the decimal point are significant • 2.0 mg 2 significant figures • If a number is less than 1, then only the zeros that are at the end and in the middle of the number are significant • 0.00420 g 3 significant figures

  42. How many significant figures are in each of the following measurements? 24 mL 2 significant figures 4 significant figures 3001 g 0.0320 m3 3 significant figures 6.4 x 104 molecules 2 significant figures 560 kg 2 significant figures

  43. 89.332 + 1.1 one significant figure after decimal point two significant figures after decimal point 90.432 round off to 90.4 round off to 0.79 3.70 -2.9133 0.7867 Significant Figures Addition or Subtraction The answer cannot have more digits to the right of the decimal point than any of the original numbers.

  44. 3 sig figs round to 3 sig figs 2 sig figs round to 2 sig figs Significant Figures Multiplication or Division The number of significant figures in the result is set by the original number that has the smallest number of significant figures 4.51 x 3.6666 = 16.536366 = 16.5 6.8 ÷ 112.04 = 0.0606926 = 0.061

  45. 6.64 + 6.68 + 6.70 = 6.67333 = 6.67 = 7 3 Significant Figures Exact Numbers Numbers from definitions or numbers of objects are considered to have an infinite number of significant figures The average of three measured lengths; 6.64, 6.68 and 6.70? Because 3 is an exact number

  46. RECOGNITION OF SIGNIFICANT FIGURES • All nonzero digits are significant. • The number of significant digits is independent of the position of the decimal point • Zeros located between nonzero digits are significant • 4055 has 4 sig figs

  47. Zeros at the end of a number (trailing zeros) are significant if the number contains a decimal point. • 5.700 • Trailing zeros are insignificant if the number does not contain a decimal point • 2000. versus 2000 • Zeros to the left of the first nonzero integer are not significant. • 0.00045

  48. Examples of Significant Figures How many significant figures are in the following? 3.400 3004 300. 0.003040

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