REVIEW FOR THE UNIT 2 TEST

1. REVIEW FOR THE UNIT 2 TEST Ancient Greece Ancient Rome

2. REVIEW FOR THE UNIT 2 TEST INSTRUCTIONS: Go through the slides and answer each question in the packet; the slide numbers are listed for each question

3. Greece’s lack of natural resources and location on the Mediterranean Sea encouraged Greek trade with neighboring societies The Greeks were skilled sailors, which linked the various Greek states with neighboring countries

4. Mountains covered about 75% of Greece; these barriers divided the Greek people into separate mountain valleys and made unifying Greece nearly impossible

5. The Greek people were divided into independent city-states (called polis)within each valley and its surrounding mountains

6. Greek city-states had an agora (a massive marketplace) that was the center for trade and government City-states had an acropolis, a temple on a hill dedicated to one of the sacred gods or goddesses

7. Differences Among Greek City-States Some polis like Athens had a direct democracy, a government ruled by citizens who vote on decisions

8. GREEK DEMOCRACY The foundation of America’s democratic republic began with Athens’ direct democracy Ancient Greek ballots Athenian citizens participated in government decisions by voting

9. Athenian society focused on wealth & culture Philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle questioned assumptions, quested for knowledge, and used logic to find answers to questions

10. The Greek cultural contributions (especially from Athens) to philosophy, art, entertainment, literature, architecture, science, education, and democracy formed the foundation of Western civilization

11. GREEK MATHEMATICS Ancient Greek mathematicians developed important math concepts that are still used today Scientists use pi to find the circumference of circles Euclid developed proofs that became the basis for modern geometry

12. GREEK MATHEMATICS Pythagoras tried to explain everything in mathematical terms He created a theorem about the relationships between the sides of a triangle called the Pythagorean Theorem The Theorem is still used all over the world Use the Pythagorean Theorem to solve for “c”. The value of “a” is 3 and “b” is 6

13. GREEK PHILOSOPHY Aristotle was a student of Plato and became a brilliant teacher of the sciences Aristotle created the basis for the scientific method: every truth is followed by other logical truth Together with the work of Socrates and Plato, Aristotle’s work provided a basis of Western civilization

14. GREEK MEDICINE Greek physicians developed the “Hippocratic Oath”, a pledge that doctors take that emphasizes a doctor’s responsibility to the patients “I swear by Apollo, the healer, and I take to witness all the gods…the following Oath: I will prescribe regimens for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone.” —Excerpt from the Hippocratic Oath

15. The society of Sparta focused on military strength, not freedom, art, and learning (like Athens)

16. The Spartans showed their strength during the wars with Persia

17. King Darius’ army was defeated by several Greek city-states when some Greeks living in the Persian Empire’s territory revolted Persia’s next king, Xerxes, never forgot this defeat and decided to teach Greece a lesson; he led his massive forces in an invasion of Greece

18. The war between Sparta and Athens was called the Peloponnesian War (named after the southern part of Greece, where Sparta was located) Sparta won, but the war left all of Greece weakened

19. In 338 B.C.E., King Philip II of Macedonia attacked and conquered the Greeks, but he was assassinated soon after this (possibly arranged by his wife)

20. King Alexander of Macedonia Alexander was only 20 years old when he became king The well-educated Alexander was just as ambitious as he was brilliant at military strategy Once he cemented his power, he began to expand his empire

21. Alexander set his sights on the Persian Empire and began his attack by conquering Egypt; Egyptians viewed Alexander as a liberator, freeing them from the Persians

22. In 331 B.C., Alexander attacked and defeated the mighty Persian army led by King Darius III Alexander destroyed the Persian capital of Persepolis

23. When Alexander died without an heir, his empire was divided among his top generals, who fought each other Alexander's empire was the largest of the Classical Era, but it was short-lived (only 13 years) and was never fully unified

24. Alexander brought Greek colonists and culture to Persia and parts of Asia, blending the cultures together; this created a new culture called Hellenism The term “Hellenism” comes from the sun goddess Helen, which the Greeks thought themselves the children of; they called Greek culture “Hellenism”

25. Alexandria in Egypt was the most significant of these cities and best represented Hellenism (the spread and blending of Greek culture) Alexandria became the center for Hellenistic culture and trade for the Mediterranean world

26. The Culture of Ancient Rome Roman religion was polytheistic and based on the Greek gods (usually only the names changed)

27. Roman Language Roman conquest spread their language, Latin, through much of Europe; over time, different regions in Europe developed their own languages based in Latin Languages based in Latin are known as the Romance languages

28. The Culture of Ancient Rome Like Greek agoras, Roman cities had a forum for markets and public gatherings

29. Ancient Roman Society Roman society was divided into three major groups At the top were the nobles (called patricians); they controlled most of the land and held key military and government positions

30. Ancient Roman Society Most Roman people were commoners (called plebeians); they were farmers, shopkeepers, or peasants

31. The Government of Ancient Rome A republic is a form of government in which citizens have the power to elect their leaders

32. The Government of Ancient Rome In 451 BCE, government officials wrote down Rome’s laws onto the Twelve Tables, which were hung in the forum for all citizens to see The Twelve Tables were based on the idea that all citizens of Rome had a right to the protection of the law

33. The Roman Army was made up of full-time professional soldiers; the highly organized command structure ensured that legions could be rapidly deployed against the enemy

34. Advances in military technology (such as catapults) enabled the professional Roman soldiers to not only defend the Romans’ territory, but to expand it

35. THE PUNIC WARS With Carthage’s defeat, the Romans were then the most dominant power in the Mediterranean, carving out an enormous empire

36. JULIUS CAESAR From the turmoil within the Roman Republic, a new political leader emerged: a general named Julius Caesar

37. Julius Caesar partnered with two other Roman politicians to take control of Rome (they formed a triumvirate) Julius was extremely popular with the Roman people, due to his great military victories Determined to fix the problems of the Roman Republic, he reduced the Senate’s power, named himself dictator-for-life, and forced enactment of his reform programs

38. Fearing that he was becoming too powerful, members of the Roman Senate conspired to assassinate Caesar

39. FROM ROMAN REPUBLIC TO ROMAN EMPIRE Julius Caesar’s death changed Rome; the people no longer trusted the Senate to rule the Roman Republic

40. FROM ROMAN REPUBLIC TO ROMAN EMPIRE Octavian exacted revenge on the Senators who assassinated Julius Octavian soon became undisputed ruler of Rome, renaming himself Augustus Caesar “Augustus” means “exalted one”; Julius Caesar’s last name became the title for “emperor”

41. FROM ROMAN REPUBLIC TO ROMAN EMPIRE Augustus did away with the Senators’ power, eventually ending the representative government of Rome and becoming Rome’s first emperor The Senate still met, but the emperor had all of the real power

42. THE PAX ROMANA Augustus’ 41 year reign marked the beginning of a 207-year era of peace, wealth, and expansion called “Pax Romana” (the “Roman Peace”) from 27 BCE to 180 CE The Empire was over 3 million square miles in size and contained about 80 million people Pax Romana

43. ROME: AN EMPIRE OF INNOVATION Rome’s location on the Mediterranean Sea allowed for trade and cultural diffusion (blending of cultures) with other people and nations

44. ROME: AN EMPIRE OF INNOVATION Through the cultural diffusion, the Romans were able to borrow the best ideas from other civilizations (especially the Greeks) and improve upon them

45. Roman Engineering: Roads At first, the roads were built to move soldiers quickly, but eventually the roads served many people for many purposes, especially as trade routes

46. Roman Engineering: Aqueducts One of the Romans’ greatest engineering feats was channeling water to their cities throughout the Empire Roman engineers built the aqueducts to move the cold, clear water from springs to towns; sometimes they would be up to 250 miles long

47. The Roman Calendar This new calendar (called the “Julian Calendar” after Julius Caesar) had 365 days and one extra day every fourth year July was named after Julius because it included his birthday

48. Roman Government They elected a Senate, made up of 300 men, that made laws; they also elected two consuls, men who commanded the army and ran the day-to-day affairs of Rome

49. Roman Architecture The Romans were tremendously skilled builders; they improved upon Greek designs with two new architectural features: arches and domes The Romans built great structures such as the Pantheon and the Coliseum

50. The Influence of the Greeks and Romans The influence that the Greeks and later on the Romans had on Western civilization cannot be overstated Many facets of modern American life can be traced back to the innovations of the Greeks and Romans: things like government, language, religion, law, education, entertainment, literature, art, mathematics, astronomy, engineering, science, buildings, customs, traditions, sports, philosophy and medicine all can trace their roots back to Greece and Rome